^SUNRISE IN THE^t 
SUNRISE KINGDOM 

JOHN H.DE FOREST, D.D. 




FORWARD MISSION 
t^STUDY COURSES^ 




Class^BV34-4-^" 
Book ,21^u 

Copyright^ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



The Forward Mission Study Courses 



Anywhere, provided it be forward." — David Livingstone. 



Prepared under the auspices of the 
YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT 

Editorial Committee: — S. Earl Taylor, Harry Wade 
Hicks, John Willis Baer, John W. Wood. 

The Forward Mission Study Courses are an outgrowth of a 
conference of leaders in Young People's Mission Work, held in 
New York City, December, 1901. To meet the need that was 
manifested at that conference, for Mission Study Text-Books 
suitable for Young People, two of the delegates, Professor Amos 
R. Wells, of the United Society of Christian Endeavor and Mr. 
S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary Committee 
of the Epworfh League, projected the Forward Mission Study 
Courses. These courses have been officially adopted by the 
Young People's Missionary Movement and are now under the 
immediate direction of the Executive Committee of the Move- 
ment, which consists of the young people's secretaries or other 
official representatives of fifteen of the leading Missionary 
Boards of America. 

The aim is to publish a series of text-books covering the 
various home and foreign mission fields and written by leading 
authorities with special reference to the needs of young people. 
The entire series when completed will comprise perhaps as 
many as twenty text-books. A general account will be given 
of some of the smaller countries, such as Japan, Korea and 
Turkey ; but, for the larger fields, as China, Africa, and India, 
the general account will be supplemented by a series of 
biographies of the principal missionaries connected with the 
country. The various home mission fields will also be treated 
both biographically and historically. 

The following text-books have been published: — 

1. The Price of Africa. (Biographical.) By S. Earl Taylor. 

2. Into AH the World. A general survey of missions. By 
Amos R. Wells. 



3. Princely Men In the Heavenly Kingdom. (Biographical.) 
By Harlan P. Beach, M. A., F. R. G. S. 

4. Child Life in Mission Lands. A course of study for Junior 
Societies. By Ralph E. Diffendorfer. 

5. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom. A Study of Japan. By 
Rev. John H. De Forest, D. D. 

6. Heroes of the Cross in America. Home missons. (Bio- 
graphical.) By Don O. Shelton. 

Among the writers that have been secured for other text- 
books of the series, are Bishop J. M. Thoburn, D. D., of India ; 
Bishop J. C. Hartzell, D. D., of Africa ; Harry Wade Hicks ; 
S. Earl Taylor; Robert E. Speer; William Carey, of India; 
Rev. E. E. Strong, D. D.; Rev. Edward Judson, D. D.; and Rev. 
J. M. Buckley, D. D. 

These books are published by mutual arrangement among 
the denominational publishing houses, to whom all orders 
should be addressed. They are bound uniformly, and are sold 
for 50 cents, in cloth, and 35 cents, in paper. 



Study classes desiring more difficult text-books are referred 
to the admirable series published by the interdenominational 
committee of the Woman's Boards. The volumes already pub- 
lished are : — 

Via Christi. A Study of Missions before Carey. By Louise 
Manning Hodgkins. 

Lux Christi. A Study of Missions in India. By Caroline 
Atwater Mason. 

Rex Christus. A Study of Missions in China. " By Rev. 
Arthur H. Smith, D. D. 

Dux Christus. A Study of Missions in Japan. By Rev. W. 
E. Griffis, D. D, 




REV. JOHN H. DE FOREST. D.D. 



The Forward Mission Study Courses 

• EDITED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF 
THE YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT 



Sunrise 

in the 



Sunrise Kingdom 



By 
JOHN H. De FOREST, D. D. 




THE YOUNG PEOPLE'S 
MISSIONARY MOVEMENT 
NEW Y O R K 



.3* 



UEPARY *» C0N6RESS 

Two CoDies Secetved 

JUN 13 1904 

Oooyrteht Entry 

CLASS O- XXO. Na 
303 



n 



OPY B 



Copyriglit, 1904, by 
The Young People's Missionary Movement 



Introductory Note 



In the following pages Dr. De Forest has 
accomplished a work as delicate as it is im- 
portant. To deal with a great subject in a 
simple way is a mark of power, especially 
when that subject is removed from the sphere 
of American experience " as far as the East is 
from the West." It may be said that much 
interest in Japan is felt throughout Chris- 
tian circles in America. But that interest 
lacks depth and definition. Beyond the notion 
that a spirit of progress prevails in modern 
Japan and that that progress consists in the 
assimilation of Western customs and ideas, 
there is much vagueness and no little misap- 
prehension. And these occur from no lack of 
good and illuminating books, dealing with 
Japan from various points of view. There 
are such books and they are read with appre- 
ciation. Yet one whose privilege has been to 
come near to the soul of Japan, through inter- 
course with its leaders, realizes how difficult it 
is to make those aspirations fully understood 
by Western minds. 

Some have written sympathetically of 



Introductory Note 

Japan, yet without knowledge; and some, 
writing with much knowledge, have lacked 
sympathy. In either case, the subject has 
been presented with misleading limitations. 
The readers of this book will find in it first- 
hand knowledge of facts, tempered with 
sympathetic appreciation of their meanings 
and relations. The training of the author has 
been felicitous. For many years he has lived 
in a part of the Empire relatively far from 
direct Western influences ; and so, emerging 
more slowly and with more normal self-expres- 
sion from the old feudalism into the new 
regime of a constitutional monarchy. 

Sendai, Dr. De Forest's home, is far removed 
from the cosmopolitanism of Yokohama and 
Tokyo. Yet it is a thought centre of immense 
importance to the civil and military life of the 
nation. It is a place where the traditions of 
ancient glory mix with the new thought of the 
awakened Empire, and where the bearing of 
the past on the present can be studied apart 
from the confusing intervention of European 
detail. At Sendai, the seat of influence for 
Northern Japan, has the author resided 
throughout a large part of the new era of 
Meiji — or Enlightenment. He has lived, it is 
true, during this period, the life of a mission- 
ary. He has been loyal and outspoken in his 
allegiance to the Divine Saviour ; fruitful in 



Introductory Note 

evangelistic labours. Yet, with this diligence 
as an ambassador for Christ, he has combined 
a respect for the ancestral religious experience 
of the Japanese people, and an appreciation of 
their finer feelings that has won the confi- 
dence and affection of those in high stations. 
During the later momentous years of the 
Meiji Era (Era of Enlightenment), Dr. De 
Forest has been persona grata in the inner 
circles of Japanese culture, and has enjoyed 
unusual opportunities to know the truth 
concerning the motives that govern and 
the ideas that attract the best representatives 
of Japanese society. He has been sought as a 
counsellor and cherished as a friend by officers 
of the government, directors of education, and 
makers of public opinion. He has seen very 
clearly that the larger mission of Christian 
teachers in Japan is to disseminate that vital 
essence of revelation which, because of its 
universal validity, takes up into itself what- 
ever in any faith is of the truth, gathering 
together all things in one, even in Christ, the 
very God. 

Dr. De Forest has realized the noble ele- 
ments in Japanese thought and has not 
neglected to point them out with appreciation. 
It is strange that Christians ever should be- 
grudge the acknowledgment of good in 
non-Christian faiths, when the presence of that 



Introductory Note 

good attests the universal working of the 
Holy Spirit. It is strange, too, that we are so 
ready to insist that the Christian life of an 
Eastern nation must, if it be genuine, move on 
the same lines of institutional and dogmatic 
development as those that have determined the 
religious history of Europe and America. 
Rather ought we to rejoice in the growth of 
an Eastern type of Christian theology and in- 
stitutionalism, seeing therein the confirmation 
of St. Paul's large-minded view : " There are 
diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit. And 
there are differences of administrations, but the 
same Lord. . . . All these worketh that 
one and the selfsame Spirit, dividing to every 
man severally as he will." 

The simplicity of this book is one of its 
strong points. It will be understood without 
difficulty. But those who read it with dis- 
cernment will read between the lines the wide- 
ness of the author's range of observation, the 
reality of his love for his subject, and his 
anxious longing that the forces now stirring 
Japanese society to its depths may, under the 
control and inspiration of the Divine Spirit, 
lead to the reconstruction of the national life 
upon the basis of evangelical faith. 

Charles Cuthbekt Hall. 

Union Theological Seminary, 
May 1, 1904. 



Contents 



I. 


The Country .... 


. 


II 


II. 


The People ..... 




39 


III. 


The Religions .... 




65 


IV. 


The First and Second Coming of Chris- 






tianity .... 




93 


V. 


Forms of Mission Work 




113 


VI. 


Forms of Mission Work — Continued 




137 


VII. 


The Forces at Work 




161 


VIII. 


The Outlook .... 

Appendixes 


• 


189 




A. Some Suggestions as to How to St 


udy 






the Text-Book . ... 




207 




B. Suggestions for Pronunciation 


of 






Japanese Words 




21 1 




C Important Dates and Events in 


the 






History of Japan 




213 




D. Bibliography .... 




217 




E. Statistical Tables 


. 


222 




F. Analytical Index 


. 


225 



List of Illustrations 



Rev. John H. De Forest, D. D. 


Facing title 


page 


Peerless Fuji 


. Facing page 


16 


Japanese Christian Family 


a 


" 


43 


Shinto Shrines 


ft 


It 


66 


Images of Kwannon in Buddhis 


t 






Temple, Kyoto 


tt 


ft 


73 


Decree Against Christianity . 




Page 


9 6 


Evangelistic, Educational, and Med- 








ical Work 


Facing page 


1 1 8 


Philanthropic and Literary Work 


tt 


« 


142 


Some Founders and Leaders . 


" 


tt 


168 


Union Christian Mission Hall 


tt 


" 


196 


Map of Japanese Empire 


. 


Page 


2 34 



I 

THE COUNTRY 

Since nearly every one knows that Japan is size of 
an Island Empire just East of China and 
Korea, there is no need of giving figures of 
latitude and longitude. It is enough to bear 
in mind that if you imagine Japan lying off the 
Eastern coast of the United States, it would 
overlap the whole coast from above Maine to 
Cuba, and the capital, Tokyo, would be off 
Cape Hatteras. This chain of islands is over 
two thousand miles long, but as the land does 
not average one hundred miles in width, there 
are only about 162,000 square miles in all. 
Compared with European states, this makes a 
fair show, since the British Islands, with Hol- 
land and Belgium thrown in, would be no 
larger. But the United States is twenty 
times as large, and all Japan could be set down 
inside of California or Texas. 

Present-day Japan, in the main, consists of Islands 
four large islands, Hokkaido, Hondo, Shikoku, Empire* "* 
and Kyushu, together with Formosa, which 
has 15,000 square miles, and so increases the size 
of the Empire by one-tenth ; for this island 



12 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

was acquired by Japan in 1895 as one result of 
the war with China. After Japan gained 
Formosa, the United States annexed the 
Philippines, and thus these two nations that 
were four thousand five hundred and sixty 
miles apart, are now by these two possessions 
only about two hundred miles from each other. 
The number of islands in the Japanese 
Empire nobody knows. Some are so small 
that they disappear in the time of floods. But 
those whose circumference is over two and 
one-half miles number 487, with a coast-line 
of 18,580 miles. 
Geological This chain of islands is virtually an immense 
mountain range raised up out of the Pacific 
Ocean about the same time, geologically, as 
the Eocky Mountains. If Japan were raised 
a thousand feet higher, it would cease to be an 
island, and would be joined to Asia, just as 
the Eockies are a part of America. "When 
Japan began to appear, its whole length was 
almost north and south, and extended down to 
thirty degrees latitude. Even now a great 
submerged chain of mountains runs from the 
Tokyo region south, and the peaks appear on 
the maps as groups of little islands. Some 
mighty convulsion seems to have wrenched 
and bent the lower half of Japan toward the 
west, and almost to have broken it away from 
the northern half. 



Formation 



The Country 13 

The formation of these islands is not yet 
finished, for Japan is still slowly rising from 
the Pacific with a movement so gentle that 
the strata in large sections remain perfectly 
level. The wide and fruitful plain around 
Tokyo, only a few hundred years ago, was a 
vast inlet of the ocean. The place where the 
second city of the Empire, Osaka, now stands, 
was a part of the beautiful Inland Sea some 400 
years ago. There are bluffs in the northern 
part of Japan 200 feet high, to the tops of 
which the fishermen used to fasten their 
boats. 

Because earthquakes and volcanoes have Resulting 
played such a prominent part in the making of rf 1 "^ of 
this Empire, it is a land of wondrous beauty. 
These fearful agents have not yet completed 
their work. Travellers from San Francisco 
are greeted with the smoke of a living volcano, 
as they approach Yokohama Bay, and they 
who ride on the cars may occasionally see a 
grand column of smoke rising thousands of 
feet from the crater of some near volcano. 
How beautiful is the slope of the peerless 
Fujiyama rising 12,365 feet from the level 
of the ocean ! There are other magnificent 
volcanic mountains in the world, but none that 
rise so high, with one unbroken curve, as Fuji. 
Everywhere mountains, little and large, are 
in sight. They are partly covered with bam- 



14 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

boo groves and woods, amid which are innum- 
erable cascades and waterfalls, while the val- 
leys below are of every conceivable shape, all 
continually delighting the eye with ever-vary- 
ing beauty. It is this exceptional scenery that 
attracts many tourists from foreign lands. 
And it is this perpetual beauty that has made 
the people all lovers of the beautiful, which is 
reflected in their houses, their clothes, their 
gardens, and their household utensils. 

Loss of Life Volcanic forces are fearfully deadly at times. 
involved g ome vears a g 0) more than a thousand feet of 
Mt. Bandai blew off in an hour and killed 460 
people living in adjacent villages. The erupted 
matter made a wide dam across the mountain 
valley, and thus created a lakelet of rare 
beauty 4,000 feet above sea level. But a few 
months ago, a little island, Torishima, one of 
the peaks of that submerged range south of 
Tokyo, exploded, killing all on the island. 
Pages could be filled with accounts of the ter- 
rible devastations wrought by these volcanoes. 

Hot Springs But, nevertheless, these destructive forces have 
Beneficial been most beneficial to the millions of Japan. 
This may sound strange, but there would cer- 
tainly have been no such beautiful Japan but 
for what these giant forces have done, and 
without them there would be none of the 
health-giving hot springs with which the land 
is studded. There are over 1,000 of these 



The Country 15 

springs, most of them mineral, and nearly all 
of them abounding in curative properties. 
Just imagine 1,000 hot springs scattered over 
New England, New York and Pennsylvania ! 
What a difference it would make in the cus- 
toms of the people ! This is the secret of the 
cleanliness of the Japanese. Nature has fur- 
nished free hot baths which are numbered 
among the cherished treasures of the Empire. 

So there is comparatively little level ground 
in these islands. About one-sixth is under Destruction by 
cultivation, and a few tens of thousands of a aves 
acres are being added yearly to the cultivated 
region. The larger part of this arable portion 
is near the coast and less than 100 feet above 
the sea level, so that a huge tidal wave might 
easily sweep out of existence all the great 
cities, and indeed half the population of the 
Empire. Even the little tidal wave of 1894, 
so small that it was unnoticed by fishermen a 
mile or two from shore, acquired such force as 
it entered the narrow bays along the north- 
eastern coast, that it rose to a height of eighty 
feet in some places, and destroyed 30,000 peo- 
ple. While Japan was still a hermit nation, a 
huge tidal wave swept the southern coast and 
carried off over 100,000 persons. 

Until Japan annexed Formosa, the highest 
mountain was Fuji}'ama. But Formosa car- 
ries on its back Mt. Shintaka, 14,000 feet in 



i6 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

height, thus relegating Fuji to the second 
place. But Shintaka can never usurp the af- 
fections of the people, for Fuji has always 
been the ideal of beauty, and also a source of 
The - Peerless profound religious thought. Even should Ja- 
ountan pan annex all the highest mountains of the 
world, Fuji would still be the people's Peerless 
Mountain. It is on their lacquer trays, on 
silks, in paintings and carvings. To many, it 
is a sacred place, and thousands of pilgrims 
make the difficult ascent every summer. The 
words of the Shinto priest, Mr. Shibata, at the 
Chicago Parliament of Keligions, show how the 
mountain is regarded : " We ought to rever- 
ence the famous Fuji, assuming it to be the 
sacred abode of the divine Lord, and as the 
brain of the whole globe. Every child of the 
Heavenly Deity ought to make Fuji the ex- 
ample and emblem of his thought and action. 
For instance, he must be plain and simple as 
the form of the mountain, and make his body 
and mind pure as the mountain is serene." 

Japan being a narrow range of mountain- 
covered islands, there can be no large navi- 
The Longest gable rivers unless they run in the general di- 
rection of the backbone, and, naturally, they 
will be few. Just as people are surprised to 
learn that the highest mountain of Japan is 
far south in Formosa, so it excites not a little 
wonder to be told that the longest river is far 



The Country 17 

north in Hokkaido. This river, Ishikari, is 
412 miles long, and the next is the Shinano 
which empties into the Japan Sea at Niigata, 
after running 190 miles. Then comes the 
Kitakami River, remarkable not so much for 
its length of 175 miles as for its history. The 
long valley in northern Japan through which 
this river flows used to be a wide strait, and 
the land east was an island of about the same 
shape as Formosa, and perhaps two-thirds as 
large. As the land became elevated, the strait 
contracted into a river, which left from time 
to time broad and high terraces all along the 
valley. Some books on Japan do not even 
mention these two great rivers, Ishikari, and 
Kitakami, but give as the longest the Tone, 
and Shinano, which indeed lie in the most 
thickly populated part of Japan, and are far 
better known than the others. Even these 
largest rivers are navigable only by small Difficult to 
steamers, and then only for a short portion of 
their length. Broad-bottomed freight boats, 
however, do a prosperous business on all the 
rivers, small or large. Where the currents are 
too strong for sailing, the boatmen draw their 
vessels up stream with ropes or pole them up 
the rapids. 

It costs large amounts of money to keep 
these rivers where they belong, and to make 
them useful to the nation. The total sum ex- 






Navigate 



. 



18 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

pended in a year goes as high as 15,000,000 
Costly V en (about $7,500,000) and the government is 
Overflows now contemplating the expenditure of 30,000,- 
000 yen (about $15,000,000) on the five largest 
rivers of central Japan. So there was some 
reason for one of Japan's ancient rulers saying 
that the two things impossible to govern are 
the priests, and the rivers. It is so difficult to 
maintain bridges over these ungovernable riv- 
ers that the crossings are often by ferries or 
pontoons, and, of course, every flood tempo- 
rarily stops all travel. These waterways en- 
tail not only large expenditures but are also 
the occasion of great anxiety to the people 
who live along their banks. All the rivers are 
dangerous in times of prolonged rain, and oc- 
casionally they break their banks to the utter 
ruin of the farms within their sweep. Some- 
times villages are inundated and even swept 
away with their people, just as a tidal wave 
brings destruction along the coast. 

One very curious thing about the shorter 
rivers that come tearing down the mountain- 
sides near the sea is that they bring down so 
Embankment mucn sand that their beds are gradually raised. 
Problem To prevent damaging overflows, the people 
gradually build up the river-banks, so that 
now some of the rivers are so much higher 
than the surrounding land that the railroad 
runs under them without changing level. 



In Summer 



The Country 19 

There are two such crossings between Kobe 
and Osaka. 
The climate is very much like the little girl Weather 



" When she was good, she was very, very good, 
And when she was bad, she was horrid." 

There are cloudless spring days, when the 
whole land blossoms out in beautiful colours, 
and harvest days when glorious autumn tints 
cover the hills, but there are also periods of 
cloudy and rainy weather continuing for 
weeks, and even months. 

In the summer, the prevailing winds are 
from the south and are warm and debilitating. 
The heat in central and southern Japan, all 
over the lowlands, is intense, and foreigners 
especially have to be careful not to expose 
themselves to the sun. The nights are so op- 
pressive that it is difficult to sleep, and in the 
day-time, when the sun does not shine, the air is 
so moist that the least exertion throws one into 
profuse perspiration. Added to this, the rainy 
season is spread over the warmest months, 
and once in a while, as in northern Japan in 
1902, there is hardly a pleasant day all sum- 
mer. Because there is so much damp weather 
in summer, everything that is capable of mould- 
ing suffers — books, walls, clothing, bedding, 
and stuffed furniture are all subject to the 
malign influence of this musty disease. 



20 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

But as soon as one gets away from the cities 
In Mountains of the plains into the mountains, above 2,000 
feet, the air becomes deliciously cool and in- 
vigorating. Mid-days will still be hot, and 
climbing the mountains will induce speedy 
perspiration ; but the cool nights bring re- 
freshing sleep. Among the well-known sum- 
mer resorts are Nikko, Karuizawa, Hakone, 
Arima, and Hieizan, at which places mission- 
aries especially gather for conferences, study, 
and needed rest. So famous have these places 
become that many missionaries in China who 
have need of temporary rest come to these 
health-giving resorts of Japan. 
In Winter The winter weather is largely controlled by 
the winds from the north, which also are laden 
with moisture and disagreeably cold. The 
frost is not keen nor enough to render skating 
possible, save in north Japan or in the moun- 
tains. The western side of the islands is much 
colder in winter than the side along the Pacific, 
which is tempered by the Black Stream very 
much as the Gulf Stream is said to modify the 
climate of the Atlantic States. Sometimes 
the snows completely bury whole villages, so 
that the people actually burrow under the 
snow. 

So there is every variety of climate in this 
land which reaches as far north as Nova Scotia, 
and whose south is as near the equator as 



The Country 21 

Cuba, and whose mountain ranges have tops 

from which snow never disappears. The 

number of pleasant days is nearly double that 

of rainy days, so that, in spite of objectionable 

features, Japan is a delightful country to 

live in. 

The population in 1S72 was 33,110,825. Its Density and 

rapid increase is seen from the latest census Increase of 
r Population 

which gives 46,000,000. The average annual 

increase is over half a million, which shows 
that the people are a vigorous and healthy 
race. They are packed very thickly in these 
islands. Just imagine 46,000,000 people in 
California, where there are now only 1,485,053 ! 
Or, if the Atlantic States were as densely 
populated as Japan they would contain 129,- 
000,000 instead of 31,000,000. There are 
about 288 people to the square mile, and this 
proportion is not very different from that of 
Great Britain. This rapid increase necessi- 
tates places for the overflow population and 
the nearest places of colonization are within 
the Empire itself, being Hokkaido, and For- 
mosa. 

Hokkaido is about one-fifth as large as the P | oneer 
whole of Japan, yet it has a ver}' sparse popu- Settlers in 
lation, consisting of only 1,000,000 people. Hokkaido 
Some 50,000 people annually go north to 
settle in this newly-opened island, which is 
capable of supporting a population of 5,000,000. 



22 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Americans have had a large share in opening 
up this land and in revealing its mineral and 
agricultural resources. It is that section of 
Japan most like the United States, in its prai- 
ries and elms, its methods of farming, and its 
style of building houses with chimneys. On 
the map, Hokkaido looks as if it had a great 
dragon head with wide-opened jaws coming 
clown to swallow the island below it. And in 
that mouth lies a beautiful and capacious har- 
bour with Hakodate on its shore. 
People in Formosa is only half as large as Hokkaido, 
Formosa y et ^ k as near iy three times as many people, 
the large majority being Chinese. But when 
the mountainous parts also are opened and 
rendered safe from the savage " head-hunters," 
there will be room for several millions more ; 
for Kyushu, which is about the same size as 
Formosa, has a population of 6,500,000. 
Emigration But many thousands of Japanese go outside 
to other f their islands in search of work and educa- 
tion. Sixty thousand — more than half the 
population — are in Hawaii and 40,000 are in 
the United States. The alert Japanese are 
quietly overflowing into Korea, China, and 
Siberia, but they are not a colonizing people, 
and the entire number of them in foreign 
lands is only about 125,000. 

It must not be forgotten that the foreigners 
residing in Japan have been a mighty in flu- 



Lands 



The Country 23 

ence, mainly for good, in the regeneration of 
the nation. By foreigners, we do not mean 
Chinese, or Koreans, but Westerners. It is Westerners 
astonishing to learn that they are so few in in Japan 
number, only 5,383, including women and 
children. One can easily infer which nations 
have had the most influence here, from the 
fact that about two-thirds of these foreigners 
are Anglo-Saxons. One can also readily esti- 
mate the amount of direct Christian influence, 
since, of these few thousands, 772 are Protestant 
missionaries, 109 are Catholic, and four are 
Kussian. Japan is probably the best manned 
of all the great mission fields, averaging one 
missionary to 60,172 people. 

There is no more wonderful political trans- Rapid 
formation in the history of the whole world Transforms* 
than the rapid and successful passage of Japan 
from a country wholly closed against foreign- 
ers to one open to free international inter- 
course, and from absolute monarchy to a con- 
stitutional government. It is only a little over 
fifty years (July 7th, 1853) since Commodore 
Perry's fleet entered Yokohama Bay and 
startled Japan out of her two hundred and 
fifty years of sleep. " It took only those few 
black ships to scare us almost to death," said 
a prominent Japanese afterward. 

At any rate, Japan awoke, hating for a time, 
those who had thus rudely aroused her, but 






24 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

fully determined to learn all that her supposed 
M ti t enemies could teach her. " You are stronger 

Motive for __ .,- . ,, 

Progress than we are now. We will learn all you can 
teach, and then— we will fight you," was the 
frank statement of many Japanese in the early 
Meiji Era. Later on, one of these Samurai, 
when asked what he had regarded as the 
greatest change that had taken place in 
Japan, replied: "I'm ashamed to tell you. 
We hated and despised you foreigners, but 
now we regard you as our teachers in every- 
thing." 

Even before a temporary treaty could 
Effect of Provide two or three open ports for corn- 
Foreign munication with the outer world, eager young 
Travel men longed to get out of the country and see 
the world with their own eyes, and to use 
their new knowledge for Japan. " The frog 
in the well knows not the great ocean," is one 
of the many suggestive national proverbs. 
The first to leave Japan was Keesima Jo, and 
he took this brave step when the penalty for 
leaving the country was death. Other young 
men followed, and then embassies of dis- 
tinguished Japanese were sent abroad. Their 
eyes were opened to the power and value of 
the civilization of the West, so that when they 
returned, they, with kindred spirits, under- 
took the stupendous work of bringing Japan 
out of isolation, and feudalism, and caste, into 



The Country 25 

international intercourse, constitutional gov- 
ernment, universal education, and equality be- 
fore the law. The policy of the reform party R e f orm 
created a profound commotion throughout Policy 
the land and a brief, but effective, war, be- 
tween the Shogun's forces and the Imperial 
troops speedily ended in favour of the young 
Emperor's army. The royal abode was 
changed from Kyoto to Tokyo, and the Meiji 
Era (Era of Enlightenment) was ushered in 
by an epoch-creating proclamation, in which 
it was declared that " State affairs shall be 
decided by a deliberative assembly," and 
"Knowledge shall be sought for throughout 
the whole world." The edict closed with the 
assurance " This is to be the greatest reforma- 
tion ever witnessed in this land." 

Under the young Emperor, Mutsuhito, was 
thus begun the task of reorganizing the ad- 
ministrative and judicial affairs of a great 
nation. The first step was the creation of a 
Cabinet, much like those of Western nations, cabinet 
which has nine Departments, presided over by Created 
the Prime Minister. The Departments are 
those of the Army, Navy, Finance, Foreign 
Affairs, Justice, Home Affairs, Education, 
Agriculture, and Commerce and Communica- 
tions. The Constitution was promulgated 
February 11, 1889. It provides for the es- 
tablishment of the Imperial Diet, which is 



26 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Constitution composed of the House of Peers with about 
Adopted 320 members, and the House of Representa- 
tives with 376 members. The former is 
elected entirely by the people for a term of 
four years, while the latter contains members 
of the nobility together with forty-six com- 
moners who pay the largest taxes. Besides 
these, are a few, who, "for meritorious 
services rendered to the State, or for erudi- 
tion," are, from time to time, appointed as 
life members of the House of Peers by the 
Emperor — hence, the number of Peers is not 
fixed, as is the representation of the House of 
Representatives. 

But of far more interest to the average 
reader are two immense reforms, without 
which Japan would still be a semi-barbarous 
nation. 

The first was the abolition of torture. It 
Trial by seems strange that there could have been any 

Torture hesitation about abolishing the cruel and un- 
Abolished . . , , . , , , <=> TTTU 

just custom of trial by torture, when once 

the eager, open-minded leaders of Japan had 

seen the criminal courts of Western nations 

conducted without recourse to torture, it 

might have been thought that they would 

have hastened to adopt this reform. But it 

took a decade of bitter discussion between 

conservatives and progressives before the 

victory was won for open courts and trial by 



The Country 27 

evidence. Indeed, we may say that it would 
have taken very many years longer, but for 
the intense desire of the Japanese to have the 
foreigners residing in Japan subject to the 
laws of Japan. And when at last the civil 
and criminal codes were completed, one 
great obstacle to making equal treaties with 
Japan was removed. Under the new laws it 
was now safe for Western powers to entrust 
their people residing in Japan to the jurisdic- 
tion of Japan, just as Japanese in the United 
States are subject to its laws. Thus Japan 
is the first of the great Eastern nations to be 
recognized as the political equal of "Western 
nations, and great was the joy of all the people 
at this consummation of their desires. 

The second of these great reforms was the Religious 

granting of religious liberty. Before the Liberty 
°j ... J? ., & , ,, „ J T Proclaimed 

Meiji Era, it was death for any Japanese to 

have anything to do with Christianity. What 
a change came when the Twenty-eighth Ar- 
ticle of the Constitution was adopted: 

" Japanese subjects shall, within limits not 
prejudicial to peace and order, and not antag- 
onistic to their duties as subjects, enjoy free- 
dom of religious belief." 

This is the article that has given Japan a 
unique place in the history of missions from 
the «lays of the apostles until now. For there 
never before was a non-Christian nation in 






28 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Open which Christianity had the full protection of 
Christianity ^e government, with liberty to its professors 
to go anywhere and everywhere throughout 
the land. Just imagine what a difference it 
would make with Turkey, if the Sultan should 
issue such an edict, and mean it ! What hap- 
piness would be given multitudes in Kussia 
were the Czar to give his millions the same 
religious liberty that the Emperor of Japan 
has conferred on his subjects ! It is to the 
lasting honour of Japan that her minister in 
Washington, Mr. Takahira, could publish in the 
Independent, July 4th, 1901, this statement: 
"The profession and the propagation of Chris- 
tianity are as untrammelled in Japan as in any 
part of the world." 

We have now seen the greatest of the judi- 
Orowthof cial and administrative reforms. Among the 
material improvements, the railroads and tele- 
graph service are conspicuous. In 1874, two 
little railroads of twenty miles each were 
opened. Now a glance at the map shows that 
the whole Empire is connected with a main 
line to which many side lines are feeders. The 
total mileage, 4,000 to be sure, is very small 
compared with that of the United States, and 
is only about one-fifth that of Great Britain. 
Twenty years ago, it took seven days to go by 
jinrikisha from Tokyo to Kyoto, now it takes 
only fifteen hours by train. 



Railroads 



The Country 29 

For twenty sen you can send a telegram Telegraphs 
anywhere, save to the very sparsely populated 
interior, and letters are delivered for three sen 
even in the hills. In cities and towns, mails 
are delivered and collected several times a day. 

The progress made in transportation by steamships 
steamers is remarkable. The first of the for- 
eign " inventions " that the Shogun and 
Daimyos eagerly desired to buy were steamers. 
Their junks looked insignificant by the side of 
these swift ocean vessels, which at once be- 
came a necessity to the progress and the safety 
of the Empire. Small coasting steamers be- 
gan to multiply and then there gradually de- 
veloped the commercial fleets that now invade 
the West in competition with mercantile 
marine of the whole world. One company, 
the Nippon Yu Sen Kwaisha, has seventy ships 
with an aggregate tonnage of 221,871 tons. 
Many of these ships were bought in Europe, 
but the new ones are now built at home. 

So long as Japan hated foreign intercourse 
there was no need of lighthouses along her Lighthouses 
dangerous coast. But as soon as she opened 
her harbours, there was pressing need of per- 
manent beacon lights for her own sake and for 
the sake of the shipping of other nations. 
The many lighthouses all along her coast now 
are a symbol of new Japan, no longer in isola- 
tion and twilight, but friendly to all nations. 



30 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Not only for the sake of peaceful commerce 
were steamers a necessity, but to protect the 
Navy national commerce, and for self-defence, a navy 
was indispensable. It is difficult to imagine 
the discouragements the Japanese had to over- 
come in building up a modern navy manned 
and officered entirely by themselves. But it 
has been done in such an effectual manner that 
they gained a speedy victory over China in 
1895, and rendered invaluable aid to the allied 
troops in the march to Peking in 1900. Of 
their recent achievements, there is no need to 
speak at length here. So rapidly has Japan 
developed into a front-rank military and naval 
power that Great Britain recently entered into 
an alliance with her for five years, while her 
recent exhibition of efficiency on land and sea 
has astounded the world. 
Growth of The whole wealth of Japan is roughly esti- 
(Ma^faSu^s mated at 15,000,000,000 yen, one yen being 
equal to fifty cents in United States coin. The 
total exports and imports for 1902 reached 
520,381,773 yen, or six times as much as the 
total of ten years ago. Twenty years ago 
there was hardly a manufacturing chimney in 
Osaka, the wealthiest of all the cities of Japan, 
but now it is fairly girdled with a belt of fac- 
tories whose tall chimneys tower conspicuously 
above the low dwellings of the people. The 
Emperor Nintoku, 2,200 years ago, as he 



The Country 31 

viewed the slender jets of smoke rising from 
the huts of his people in Osaka, rejoiced that 
the people had rice to cook. If he could now 
view the huge clouds of smoke that the chim- 
neys of thousands of factories send forth, he 
would rejoice that his people had at last dis- 
covered the resources necessary to high civi- 
lization. He would see 75,000,000 yen worth 
of silk going abroad to nations, the names of 
which he had never heard, and tea, cotton, 
lacquer ware, rice, and works of art, being ex- 
ported to the extent of 250,000,000 yen a year. 
Although not one of the wealthiest nations of 
the earth, Japan is steadily growing in re- 
sources, and is changing from a purely agri- 
cultural to more of a manufacturing nation, 
whose very life now depends upon friendly in- 
tercourse with the other nations of the world. 



How to Use the Questions at the End 
of Each Chapter 

Do not fail to read these instructions through 
carefully lief ore taking up the questions for 
study. 

It is not supposed that the average member 
or the average class will attempt to answer all 
these questions. The leader should select the 
quantify and quality that he judges to be sail, d 
to il<> ability of the class and assign them for 



32 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

study at least a week in advance of the recita- 
tion. In selecting questions, an attempt should 
be made to preserve some sort of connection 
between them. 

These questions are nearly all thought ques- 
tions, — that is, they demand some thinking on 
the part of the student. Complete answers 
will be found in the book for very few of 
them. They make more or less use of the 
material found in the book, but require some 
thought in addition. This sort of question is 
much better than those which call for nothing 
more than a repetition of the words of the 
book. The text-book is not so much a collec- 
tion of gold bricks to be packed away in your 
mind, as a gymnasium, by exercise in which 
you are to develop the power to think clearly 
about missions in Japan. 

There may be, however, some members who 
have no other idea of study and reciting than 
that of hunting out answers that are furnished 
fully by the text, and repeating these answers 
when the appropriate question is asked in the 
class. To such only a few of the simpler ques- 
tions of those given below should be assigned, 
and the remainder of the recitation may be 
made up of questions such as those to which 
they are accustomed. These latter the aver- 
age leader will have no difficulty in construct- 
ing for himself. 



The Country 33 

In using the list printed in the book, the 
student should make it his aim not to dispose 
of a question as rapidly as possible, but to 
dwell upon it until the issues involved in it 
become perfectly dear. Many of the ques- 
tions are not such as can be answered at once 
by the average student. They have been 
chosen purposely not only so as to leave some- 
thing to be cleared up by discussion in the 
session, but many of them with the idea that 
they may lead to a difference of opinion and 
hence promote a more spirited discussion. In 
taking up each one, let your first move be to 
ascertain all that the text-book has to say on 
the subject. This, in some cases may be more 
or less scattered through the chapter. Many 
questions that seem difficult at first sight 
will be found, when all the facts have been 
gathered, to involve only a very simple com- 
bination and inference. Your ability to an- 
swer other of the questions will depend upon 
your general knowledge, and the leader is at 
fault if he assigns you something that is en- 
tirely beyond you. If you are unable to an- 
swer any question that has been assigned, 
however, do not become discouraged, but mark 
it and bring it up in the class. If it cannot be 
answered satisfactorily even there, note it and 
think about it. Light may dawn upon you 
later. Try to come to the recitation with your 



34 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

mind made up as far as possible on the points 
assigned, that you may be able to enter freely 
into the debate and yet try to come with an 
open mind ready to receive from others. 

Above all things, avoid mere guessing at an- 
swers. It is neither a disgrace nor a misfor- 
tune to be unable to answer some of these 
questions even after careful thought ; it is 
both, to jump at conclusions and to hold them 
without sufficient reasons. Even when your 
reasons seem to you adequate, hold them sub- 
ject to further correction. You will get more 
good from discussing questions intelligently 
without answering them, than from answering 
them without discussing them intelligently. 

Leaders of classes should not fail to apply to 
their denominational secretaries for pamphlet 
helps containing not only suggestions for the 
conduct of each session, but general hints on 
the organization of classes and on teaching 
methods. 



Questions for Study 

Aim. — To get the necessary geographical background 
for an intelligent study of Japan, and to estimate the 
probable future of the Empire. 

Map Study 

i. Use maps of Asia and of the United States and 
compare the latitudes of the entire Empire and 



The Country 35 

also those of the four principal islands with those 
of the United States. 

2. If Tokyo be placed a little north of Cape Hatteras, 

about where will Hakodate lie ? 

3. Let some one be appointed to calculate in United 

States distances how far Tokyo is from Kyoto, 
and also from Nagasaki. 

4. What States are about equal in size to each of the 

five islands ? 

5. Study the map so as to be able to draw from mem- 

ory a very rough outline, inserting Hakodate, 
Tokyo, Yokohama, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, and 
Nagasaki. 

Physical Features 

6. What variety of climate should you expect to find 

in Japan in view of its latitude ? 

7. What effect has the fact that Japan is a partly sub- 

merged mountain chain upon the scenery ? 

8. What, upon the ease of internal communications? 

9. What, upon rivers? 

10. What, upon a supply of harbours ? 
IX. What belt of climate contains all the great world 
powers at the present day ? 

12. What sort of future is indicated for Japan by her 

position and physical features ? 

Progress 

13. Name the causes that induced Japan to accept 

Western civilization in what seems to you the 
order of their relative importance. Give your 
reasons for naming them in this order. 

14. What was there in the ideals of Old Japan that 

aroused in her more than in China an admiration 
for the foreigners ? 



36 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

15. Which one step in Japan's recent progress do you 

consider most important of all? Bring out as 
strikingly as you can what there was in this step 
that could be called wonderful. 

16. Name other steps in the order of their importance 

and give your reasons for so ranking them. 

1 7. What is the other most striking instance in history 

that you can recall of a nation breaking with its 
past ? Compare this instance as closely as you 
can with that of Japan. 

18. How does the attitude of Japan towards progress 

compare with that of Russia ? 

19. If you had been a ruler of Japan in the old days 

and could have selected for your country only 
one of the inventions of Western civilization, 
which one would you have chosen, and why ? 

20. Which would have been your next choice, and 

why ? 

21. What other inventions are of great importance for 

Japan ? 

22. How has the possession of these inventions affected 

the position of Japan among Oriental nations ? 

23. What advantages has she over other nations in in- 

fluencing eastern Asia ? 

24. What is apt to be her future influence upon China? 

25. What is the bearing of all this upon the importance 

of her evangelization ? Make your answer as 
impressive as possible. 

References : 

Cary : Japan and its Regeneration, chs. I, VI-VIII. 
Clement: Handbook of Modern Japan, chs. I— II I, 

VIII, IX, XI, XX, XXI. 
Peery : Gist of Japan, chs. I, II, V. 
Griffis : The Mikado's Empire, bk. I, chs. I, XXVIII ; 

bk. II, ch. XVIII, and supplementary chs. 



The Country 37 

Japan in History, Folk-lore, and Art, chs. I, XXIV- 
XXVI. 

Newton : Japan : Country, Court and People, pts, 

I and IV. 
Murray: Japan (Story of the Nations Series), chs. I, 

XIII-XV. 
Chamberlain : Things Japanese, articles ; Climate, 

Europeanization, History, Population, Railways, 

Shipping, Trade, etc. 
Rein : Japan. 

The Industries of Japan. 
Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, ch. XIX. 
Gulick : Evolution of the Japanese, ch. II. 

Consult also Encyclopaedia articles, such books as 
Mill's International Geography, etc. 



Subjects for Papers or Talks : 

1. What place in the commercial world does Japan 

seem likely to occupy in view of her position, 

products and manufactures? 
Clement : chs. I-III, XI. 
Peery : ch. I. 
Rein's books (for those who have plenty of 

time). 
Chamberlain: "Shipping," "Trade," etc. 
Newton : pt. I, chs. I, VI ; pt. IV, ch. V. 

2. Causes leading up to the Revolution of 1868. 

Cary : chs. VI, VII. 

Clement: chs. VII, VIII. 

Gulick : ch. II. 

Griffis : Mikado's Empire, ch. XXVIII. 

Japan, chs. XXIV, XXV. 
Newton : pt. Ill, ch. I. 
Murray : chs. XIII, XIV. 
Chamberlain : " History," " Europeanization." 



38 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

3. The Transformation of Japan. 
Cary: ch. VIII. 

Clement : chs. VIII, IX, XI, XX, XXI. 
Peery : ch. V. 
Griffis : Mikado's Empire, bk. II, ch. XVIII, 

and supplementary chs. 

Japan, ch. XXVI. 
Murray : ch. XV. 
Gordon : ch. XIX. 
Newton : pt. Ill, ch. II, V. 



II 

THE PEOPLE 

Nobody seems to know from whence the Traditional 
Japanese originally came. Until recently they 0ri s in 
themselves firmly believed that they were de- 
scendants of " the gods," and even to-day, in 
spite of all the new knowledge that mankind 
is of one blood, the six millions of children in 
the primary schools are taught in their readers 
thus : " The God Amaterasu is the ancestor 
of His Majesty the Emperor and is indeed a 
n jble God. From Amaterasu to the present 
Emperor the imperial line has never been 
broken." 

Progressive Japanese have accepted modern Historical 
thought to such an extent that there are very Uncertaint y 
few educated persons who believe the old 
mythology. They omit all the stories of the 
gods, and begin their country's history with 
the first Emperor, Jimmu, who is said to 
have ascended the throne 660 b. c, though 
his throne must have been a crude affair and 
his people but a few thousands of barbarians. 
As to their origin, the Japanese frankly say : 
" We don't know exactly where we came 
39 



4-0 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

from, but undoubtedly some of our ancestors 
came from Northern Asia, others from Korea, 
and others from Malayan regions." They 
are, at any rate, a mixed race, as any one can 
Some Facial see from their different facial types. Some 
Types are g at f ace( j anc | heavily bearded ; others are 
oval faced, with high brows, more prominent 
noses, and with scanty beards. A few are so 
like the people of the West that, when they 
are travelling abroad, they are never taken for 
Asiatics. "Nobody suspected that I was a 
Japanese," said one of these educated men on 
his return to Japan. Some have faces exactly 
like those of the American Indians and all the 
people have dark hair and eyes. When 
foreigners first began to come, the Japanese 
were amazed at the red hair and blue eyes 
of some of their visitors and at the tow-headed 
babies. 
Average Though descended from Asian races, the 
He ' Weight Japanese are shorter than Chinese and 
Koreans. When Japanese sit on chairs by 
the side of foreigners, there is no marked 
difference in their height, which shows 
that their bodies are of normal length. 
But as soon as they stand, their low stature 
becomes conspicuous, showing that their 
shortness is in their legs. This defect may 
have arisen from sitting on the mats in kneel- 
ing fashion, and also from being carried 



The People 41 

through childhood on the backs of their 
mothers and nurses. Their average height is 
about that of European women and their 
weight is much below that of European men. 
" In Europe the average weight of young men 
of twenty is 144 pounds, while that of the 
Tokyo conscripts for the army was only 111 
pounds." 

They are a hardy race and can endure vitality 
conditions that would rapidly exterminate 
Americans. In cold, windy weather, farmers 
will work bare-legged all day, men and women 
too, in the deep mud of the rice fields. Young 
men may be seen running bare-footed over 
snow, or wading rivers in winter for the sake 
of a half pound of fish. 

In order to understand this great nation, 
little heed should be paid to their curious and 
even ridiculous customs, and attention should 
be given to the way in which society is 
organized, and family life carried on. He who 
knows these two things does not consider the 
Japanese an "awfully funny people," but 
knows the inner forces that have made Japan 
what it is. 

The four classes of society were, until old and 
recently, the Samurai, farmers, artisans, and JJ^jJ 8388 
merchants. Outside of these were the de- 
spised Eta, who, being social outcasts, had 
none but degrading occupations. Besides 



42 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

these there are the hairy, drunken, filthy, 
ignorant, but amiable Ainu, who live in 
Hokkaido. But as soon as Japan began to 
catch the spirit of Western civilization, these 
class distinctions were abolished, and three 
grades were established — the nobility, the 
gentry, and the common people. 

The effects of this wide-sweeping change 

Modern are very apparent. The real democratic spirit 

Democratic j s seen j n ^ ne complete removal of all barriers 

spirit . i . . 

in the system of education, in the organization 

of the army and navy, and in local and 
national elections. More than half of the 
2,300 students in the Imperial University are 
from the common people, and the children of 
all classes, except the nobles, attend the same 
public schools. In the recent Diet there were 
224 commoners, that is, three times as many 
as were elected from among the gentry. 

It would, however, be a great mistake to 
influence of conclude that the influence of the Samurai 
Samurai (g en t rv ) has departed. They played too im- 
portant a part in the building up of Old 
Japan to be dismissed by a mere edict. They 
constituted about five per cent, of the popula- 
tion, and were the military retainers of the 
Daimyos, wearing their swords in the belief 
tbat the sword is the soul of the Samurai. 
They embodied the principle of loyalty, and 
made it one of the corner stones on which 






- 




JAPANESE CHRISTIAN FAMILY 
(Pastor Miyaki) 



The People 43 

New Japan so firmly stands. Their lives 
were not their own, but their lords' ; and Dr. 
Neesinia used to say: "When Japanese be- 
come loyal to Christ, they will both live for 
Him and also gladly die for Him." 

Not only did the Samurai code demand self- old Samurai 
sacrifice for superiors, but it required sim- spirit 
plicity of life, disdain of mone}' - , and love of 
righteousness, though this righteousness was 
not like that of the Bible. Out of this rela- 
tion of the lord and his retainers came some 
of the noblest stories of Old Japan, and that 
same spirit lives in the intense patriotism 
which permeates the nation. It should be 
remembered that the great Christian leaders 
have come from the Samurai, though others 
are coming forward from other classes with 
promise of great spiritual power. 

Family life and customs in Japan are very Family Life 
different from those which prevail in America 
and Europe and in nothing is the difference 
more marked than in the marriage customs. 
The young man does not select his own wife, 
but some relative or friend of the family dis- 
covers a suitable girl, and after the formal 
negotiations between the parents, the young 
people are introduced. If they are satisfied 
with each other's record and looks, their 
parents make the engagement. The prospec- 
tive bridegroom does no courting after the 



44 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

No Courtship Western style. In due time, the would-be 
bride is taken to the house of her future hus- 
band's father — it would never do for the 
young man to go and bring his bride — where 
the formal marriage ceremony is performed 
with a great feast, in which the new couple 
pledge each other in nine tiny cups of sake. 
They are now husband and wife so far as 
custom goes, but the marriage is not legalized 
until the bride's name has been transferred in 
the public registrar's office from her family to 
that of her husband. 

Since the young couples have to live with 
No New Home the parents instead of beginning a home 
Founded for themselves, the bride has to become a 
servant to her mother-in-law, look out faith- 
fully for the comfort of her father-in-law, and 
please her husband too. I know sons who 
have been forced to divorce wives because 
they did not suit the young men's parents. 
Sometimes it works the other way, and when 
a son wishes to get rid of his wife, the parents 
refuse to permit the change. 

Perpetuation In the case of an onl y daughter, a go- 
of Bride's between searches out one who will make a 
fitting husband; and when the match is ar- 
ranged between the two families, the bride 
does not go to her husband's home and take 
his name, but he goes to her home and takes 
her name. For neither Japanese custom nor 



Family 



The People 45 

the new laws permit an only daughter to leave 
her home and abandon her family name. She 
must remain at home in order that her future 
children may keep up that family line. The 
legal marriage is consummated when the young 
man's name is formally changed at the regis- 
trar's office. In this case it is the bridegroom 
who becomes a kind of servant to his new par- 
ents. Here too there is ample room for a 
family quarrel, which in far too many cases 
results in divorce. 

Enough has been said to show that the Family Line 
Japanese family begins in a different manner All-important 
from ours, and the cause of this lies in what is 
called the Family Line. Every Japanese de- 
sires to maintain his family line, and regards 
failure to do so a great misfortune and even 
disgrace. This is why parents who have only 
one child, cannot give it to another house, but 
must adopt a son or a daughter, and thus con- 
tinue their line and name. When there are 
no children, the childless parents may adopt a 
boy and a girl and thus establish the family 
line anew. Japanese are surprised when they 
first learn that Westerners do not think 
much of a family line maintained by adoption. 
I have been asked in wonder : " Why did not 
your great and noble Washington adopt some 
young man of good family and so maintain 
his family line?" My questioner felt that 



46 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

our first President had failed in his moral 
obligations by neglecting this seemingly im- 
portant step. 

Every foreigner who goes to Japan is im- 
Happy yet pressed with the immense number of happy 
^Babies babies strapped on the backs of children only 
a little bigger than themselves, all playing in 
the streets, utterly regardless of the jinrikishas, 
bicycles, carts, and horses. Japan has been 
called "The Paradise of babies." They are 
petted and dressed and loved, and have as 
good a time as any children perhaps in any 
land, though what they have to endure would 
often prove fatal to foreign babies. Their food 
lacks in nourishment, their parents are igno- 
rant of hygiene, and, when driven by poverty, 
are cruel. Even in their sports the children's 
heads often are so exposed that it would seem 
that their brains would be baked by the fierce 
rays of the sun. 

In training children, the great aim is to 
Significance teach obedience. This is the second essential 
of Obedience v j r tue in the making of the Japanese people, 
the first one, as already stated, being loyalty. 
But Japanese obedience differs considerably 
from that called for in a Western home. You 
can see at once that it is something peculiar, 
because it is called " filial piety." That is, it 
has a religious element in it, and involves 
much more than Americans mean by obedi- 



The People 47 

ence. It includes not only reverent obedience 
in early years, but obedience for life, pro- 
viding for parents in old age, and worship- 
ping them when they have passed into the 
spirit land. This far-reaching obedience has 
played a wonderful part in building up this 
powerful nation. Out of this, too, come some 
of the noblest stories that have developed the 
moral power of the nation. But out of this 
have also come grave evils, for parents have too 
much authority. As we have seen, young 
people do not become independent on getting Increased, 
married, but are still under obedience to the Young People 
old folks as long as they live. Until recently 
parents in poverty could kill their new-born 
babe, or sell a grown-up daughter into a life 
of shame. The new laws, however, have 
modified the authority of parents, so that a 
young man of thirty, or a girl of twenty-five, 
is at liberty to marry even against the will of 
parents. It is a significant break in the old 
family life that children are now recognized 
as having rights as well as duties. 

As for woman, everybody knows that position of 
women are never regarded with honour in Woman 
non-Christian lands. A few may compel re- 
Bpect by their exceptional ability, others may 
be petted for their beauty and amiability, but, 
as a class, they are looked upon as inferior to 
man. 2s T o woman, in the olden times, was al- 



48 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

lowed to ascend such sacred mountains as Fuji 
and Aso. When Commodore Perry was ne- 
gotiating the first treaty, he was told that no 
foreign woman should ever step on the sacred 
soil of Japan. And Buddhism declared that no 
woman could ever gain paradise unless she 
were good enough to be reborn as a man. In 
spite of all this the women of Japan are much 
better off than those of any other Eastern na- 
Promise of tion, and their position has been greatly im- 
Better Things p roYe a s i nce the beginning of intercourse with 
the West. That woman as well as man has 
rights and is worthy of respect, are doctrines 
that are being gladly welcomed and put into 
practice. The great educator, Fukuzawa, 
whose writings have done more for woman 
than those of any Japanese, performed a 
splendid work by his earnest advocacy of a 
pure home, and by his denunciations of the 
wrong and cruel treatment of women. Wom- 
en's clubs, whose aim is to promote culture, 
to reform family life, and to encourage philan- 
thropic works, have sprung up all over the 
land. Japan is exceedingly fortunate at this 
time in having so noble a woman as the pres- 
ent Empress, whose life is full of sympathy 
with every form of woman's progress, and 
whose heart is warm toward every benevolent 
work. 

A glance at the last "Annual Keport of 



The People 49 

Education " shows that woman has already 
won a high place, since out of 92,000 teachers 
in elementary schools over 12,000 are women, 
while in the fifty-two higher schools for 
females out of 658 teachers about two-thirds 
are women. 

In considering the social conditions and the Two great 
family life, we have seen that the two ruling Virtues 
virtues are loyalty and filial piety. We must 
never lose sight of these if we would really 
get into the hearts and homes of the people. 

The homes of the people are as different simple Homes 
from English and American homes as are their 
customs and conditions of life. The houses are 
small cheap stuctures, usually one-storied, with 
heavy thatched roofs in the country and tiled 
roofs in the cities. Probably half of the 
houses in Japan did not cost, on the average, 
over $150, though there are, of course, some 
splendid dwellings, and some fireproof go- 
downs. 

It is curious to see carpenters build a house. How they are 
The first thing they make is the roof, which Bullt 
is set up on the ground. Posts are erected on 
stones that have been pounded into the earth, 
and the roof is then put up, piece by piece, on 
the posts. The strongest part of the house is 
the roof. One or two sides of the building 
are made of plaster over a bamboo lath work, 
the other sides being used for sliding paper 



50 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

doors, outside of which are sliding rain-doors. 
Such houses are not well braced, and hence 
are easily thrown down by heavy earthquakes, 
or blown down by typhoons. 

These shells of houses, with their inch-thick 
How they are mats and their few rooms, capable of being 
Furnished thrown open into one large room, are very 
nice in warm weather, but since there are 
neither chimneys nor stoves they are very cold 
in winter. Charcoal fires in braziers help to 
make the rooms cheerful, and sitting on one's 
knees helps to keep one warm. The mats are 
the main furniture, for you sit, eat, work, and 
sleep on them. It is important to notice that 
every purely Japanese house has its god-shelf, 
where ancestral tablets are kept, and where 
various gods and charms are placed for wor- 
ship, or for good luck. 

Eice and fish are the two staffs of life, and 
a Japanese boy can make way with these ar- 
ticles of food with chopsticks, faster than two 
"Western boys could do it with knives and 
Rise in Cost forks. It is astonishing how little it costs to 
of Living SU pp 0r t a family. A household, among the 
lower classes, consisting of five persons, can 
live on five dollars a month, and a student 
away from home can get along with from 
three to five dollars a month. But the stand- 
ard of living is rising. American wheat flour 
is being imported by shiploads. Beef, pota- 



The People 51 

toes, cabbages, turnips are being added to the 
diet, and strawberries and ice cream are fa- 
vourites with those who can afford them. 
Even cheese, which the Japanese as a race dis- 
like, has a few patrons. Oranges and persim- 
mons are excellent, and the miserable apples, 
pears, peaches, and figs of the land have been 
made over by modern methods into very nice 
fruits. 

The graceful and expensive Japanese cloth- Dress 
ing has been wholly given up as a public 
dress by multitudes of officials, teachers, sol- 
diers, and business men, who now appear in 
European clothes. The middle and lower 
classes, men and women alike, mainly cling to 
the inexpensive kimono. The upper class 
women do not take to Western styles of dress, 
but continue to wear the broad and expensive 
sash with gowns that do not show the form of 
the body. And although they do not wear 
hats and bonnets, their hair ornaments are 
rich and costly. Mr. Fukuzawa used to say 
that the three strangest sights on earth are 
the wasp- waists of Western women, the de- 
formed feet of Chinese women, and the black 
teeth of Japanese women. The custom of 
blackening teeth is rapidly going out of 
fashion. 

The people are exceedingly fond of amuse- 
ments. They have no rivals in Hying tailless 



52 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Amusements kites. Young men love fencing and wrest- 
ling, and students especially take to baseball, 
tennis, boat races, and bicycles. Their social 
amusements are inferior to those of Euro- 
peans, since their music is inferior, and men 
and women do not mingle as in the West. 
Theatres abound where families go, carrying 
their lunches and staying all day, listening to 
some stirring historical play, and between 
scenes visiting friends in neighbouring boxes. 
Men play chess a great deal, and vie with 
one another in writing verses or dashing off 
ink pictures. Card playing has come to stay, 
although gambling is strictly prohibited. 
When the flower season opens, all the people, 
old and young, throng in gay dresses to the 
parks and groves, and drink in the beauty of 
the delicate blossoms that adorn the branches 
and that, falling, cover the ground. 

Difficulties la Japanese is probably the most difficult to 
Japanese master °f a ^ the languages of earth. It is 
the despair of foreigners, for it is virtually 
two languages combined — Chinese and Japa- 
nese. Moreover the spoken language is mark- 
edly different from the written. So far as 
the " characters " go, there are only forty- 
eight syllables, but when besides these one must 
learn two or three thousand Chinese ideo- 
graphs in order to read Japanese literature, 
the task is greatly increased ; and, as these 



The People 53 

ideographs are marvellously abbreviated in 
letter-writing, it is impossible to recognize 
them without learning them anew. Thus 
there are three distinct departments of the 
language — the spoken, the book, and the let- 
ter language. Besides all this, the spoken 
language is of two kinds, in one of which i*""® ,,. 

° 7 Peculiar Char- 

Japanese words predominate, while in the acteristics 
other Chinese words are more numerous. As 
though that were not bad enough, the order 
of words is almost the reverse of the English 
order. We think our personal pronouns a very 
essential part of our language, but the Japa- 
nese care so little for them that they have al- 
most none. We have prepositions, they have 
only post-positions. We rejoice in our little 
articles, a, an, and the, they have none. We 
are very careful of our singular and plural 
numbers, they care so little for them that un- 
less there is some special reason for specifying, 
they are left indefinite. 

It is sometimes said that everything in 
Japan is just the opposite of what it is in the 
West, and the language is a good illustration 
of this. Our books begin from the left, theirs 
from the right. We read across the page, 
they read from top to bottom. The order of 
the first sentence in the Lord's prayer is: 
"Our Father who art in heaven," their order 
is: "Heaven in art of us Father/' These 



54 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

facts will serve to show how impossible it is 
for a foreigner to fully master this language. 
Among missionaries, those who devote 
Few themselves exclusively to English teaching 
F ^ e '? ner j! usually do not learn the language, except 
enough to get along with the people they em- 
ploy. Others make it their aim to master the 
spoken language only, and of these many ac- 
quire it so well that they take their place with 
educated Japanese in public addresses. But 
few indeed are they who can read as easily as 
a native, and perhaps there is not one who can 
excell in the three departments, namely, speak, 
read and write, as an educated Japanese does. 
Old Japanese Every nation has its literature, in which are 
Literature embodied its history, laws, religion, poetry, 
and lives of heroes. But the Japanese did not 
know letters until intercourse with China 
through Korea brought the new knowledge, 
and their first book was not written until 
about TOO a. d. Then Buddhism became popu- 
lar, and among the blessings it brought was 
a love for literature. Books began to multiply 
and were printed from wooden blocks. So 
when Japan came in touch with Europe 300 
years ago, "Western learning was welcomed, 
especially works on medicine and war. And 
when, in these latter days, Japan opened her 
doors freely to foreign intercourse, the litera- 
ture of the West at once began to have a pro- 



The People 55 

found influence on the nation. So wide-sweep- 
ing is this influence in every department 
of literature, that Prof. B. H. Chamberlain 
says : " The recent opening of the country 
was the death-blow to Japanese literature 
proper." In other words, recent literature is influence of 
dominated by Western thought. Such books ^ este !J 
as Smiles' " Self-Help " and Mill's " Liberty " 
were translated and had an immense circula- 
tion. Young men who went abroad and saw 
"Western nations, threw their whole souls into 
writing up the governments, laws, religion, 
education, customs, defects, family life, posi- 
tion of woman, commerce, manufactures, 
banking, and all the resources of foreign 
lands. So that the literature of the Meiji Era 
is so wholly different from all that preceded 
it, both in form and thought, that if men of a 
hundred years ago were to come back to life, 
they would be wholly at a loss to understand 
either the books of to-day or the language of 
new Japanese orators. 

This cordial welcome of Western thought 
means a like welcome to Western education. Western 
Before the opening of the country, learning E*£?catlon 
was confined mainly to the Samurai, and the 
schools were in the temples and houses of 
teachers of Chinese. Education was for the 
few, and the masses, especially the women, 
were ignorant. But a gifted and open-minded 



56 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Japanese, A. Mori, was Minister in Charge 
at Washington in the " seventies " and he was 
so deeply impressed with our public and 
private schools, that on his return to Japan, 
he gave his very life to the establishment 
of a system of national education. He 
accomplished his great work, but he fell 
by the hand of a misguided assassin on 
the day the Constitution for which he 
had struggled was promulgated. 
Growth of This compulsory educational system has its 
° Ve schools faults? hut it remains one of the most con- 
spicuous signs of the rapid progress Japan has 
made. A brief table will best show what is 
going on : 

2 Universities 3,229 pupils 

7 Colleges 5,680 

5 Medical Colleges 

300 Technical Schools 27,449 " 

52 Normal Schools 15,639 " 

299 Middle Schools 78,314 " 

11 Schools for Blind and Dumb ... 620 " 

48 Special Schools 13,400 " 

26,857 Elementary Schools 5,321,726 " 

240 Kindergartens 23,073 " 

Of the 5,321,726 pupils in the elementary 
schools, 3,090,563 are boys, and 2,231,163 are 
girls. Western languages have a high place 
in middle, higher, and university institutions. 
Sixty-four foreign instructors are employed, 



The People 57 

of whom twenty-three are English and 
American, and nineteen are German. The Some Subjects 
English language is by far the most popular 
of foreign tongues. Chinese, which used 
to be the key to all education, is more 
and more cut down in the elementary 
schools, only 1,200 ideographs being in that 
course. Ethics are, of course, taught, but 
it is the policy of the Government, at the 
present time, to exclude all religious instruc- 
tion from the public schools. 

What is said above refers wholly to Govern- 
ment schools. Private schools have no such Private 
standing in Japan as in the United States, yet Schoo,s 
they are gaining more and more recognition, 
there being 1,315 schools with 85,000 pupils. 
Among these are the two universities in Tokyo, 
founded by Mr. Fukuzawa and Count Okuma, 
which are doing excellent work. Religious 
instruction is not forbidden in the private 
schools. 

There is, perhaps, nothing more difficult 
than accurately to state in a few words the 
leading traits of any great nation. Yet, after 
nearly thirty years' residence in Japan, I do 
not hesitate to place first and foremost, open- Japanese 
mindedness as the main characteristic of the O pen " Minded= 
people. But for this, New Japan would have 
been an impossibility. But for this, there 
would have been constant misunderstandings, 






ness 



58 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

resulting in hatred of the "West and conse- 
quent wars, just as there were in China. 
But Japan saw at once the military and naval 
superiority of the West, and though the 
Samurai loved their swords and called the use 
of guns cowardly, they unhesitatingly re- 
modelled their military establishments after 
those of the West. They perceived the superi- 
ority of constitutional government over an ab- 
solute monarchy, and so changed from the 
lower to the higher and better form. They 
recognized the evils of the old classes of 
society, and abolished them all, admit- 
ting even the outcast Eta and Ainu to the 
rights and privileges of the new order. 
Education they made universal. Their love 
of knowledge and readiness to sacrifice every- 
thing for it, show a people with minds open to 
truth in a rare degree. The Japanese are 
doing just what the young Emperor authorized 
in his celebrated edict — " seeking for truth in 
all the world." 

" Yes, but they are nothing but apes after 
Imitative yet all. They know only how to imitate," some 
Original cr ftics have said. True, they fortunately have 
the imitative faculty in a high degree, but they 
are by no means mere imitators. They adapt 
whatever they adopt, so that it becomes pecul- 
iarly Japanese. To be sure, they sometimes 
make ludicrous mistakes, especially in minor 



The People 59 

things, as when a band of musicians strikes up 
" Marching through Georgia " at a Buddhist 
funeral, or a guest at a foreign table swallows 
his ball of butter at one gulp, or drinks the 
whole bowl of gravy thinking it is soup. 

Another prominent characteristic is their 
love of morality. It is often said that the 
Japanese are liars. True, when they first Commercial 
came in contact with Western peoples whom Dlshonest y 
they hated and feared, they did lie. Our first 
consul, Townsend Harris, wrote, " The Japa- 
nese are the greatest liars on the earth." But 
what consul or foreign minister would think 
of speaking such words now ? All the diplo- 
matic relations with Japan are as reliable as 
are those between Western nations. Yet in 
commercial matters it is well known that they 
often break their contracts, and among mer- 
chants there are many who bring reproach on 
the whole nation by their false dealings. 

Now nobody knows this defect better than 
the Japanese themselves. And nobody de- 
plores it so much as the moral leaders of New 
Japan. Again and again have I read in the 
native papers most earnest appeals to the mer- Ideals of 
chant class to cease every form of dishonesty Better Class 
and to be thoroughly honourable in all their 
dealings. And in spite of the trickery and 
occasional deception of a whole community, 
and in spite of the suspicion that society is in- 






6o Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

fected with bribery, the moral nature of the 
better part of the people, together with the 
new moral standards from abroad, before long, 
we may reasonably hope, will make the com- 
mercial reputation as good as that which the 
country enjoys in the realm of diplomacy. 
A Noble Other bad things are said against the Japa- 
Martyr nesG) w ith more or less truth. But yet, a 
nation whose history has so many moral he- 
roes, cannot be bad at heart. Japan has pro- 
duced one man who gave his life to save the 
people of his province from oppression and 
ruin. He was cruelly crucified, his innocent 
wife with him, and their children were barbar- 
ously executed before the parents' eyes. Yet 
this man's dying words on the cross were : 
" Had I five hundred lives, I'd gladly give 
them all for you, my people." So far as I 
know, there is no other story in all history so 
closely resembling that of the crucifixion of 
Christ as this. The nation that can produce 
one such hero has the potency and promise of 
noble morality. This fearlessness of death in 
influence of the face of duty runs all through the history 
Old standards f fa e people, which tells of wives who will- 
ingly died for their husbands, of children 
for their parents, of parents for their children, 
and of subjects for their lords. Where this 
spirit of sacrifice for others rules, there is a 
high grade of morality, even though it fails to 



The People 61 

make prominent the distinctively Christian 
virtues of chastity, benevolence, and truthful- 
ness. 

If the young people who read this chapter sympathetic 
finish it with the thought, that, although the J ttl f ud b e 1 
Japanese have different customs and different 
standards of morals from ours, yet they cer- 
tainly should not be called " heathen," nor re- 
garded as unworthy of respect, then a good 
starting point will have been made for a sym- 
pathetic understanding of the Japanese people. 
We will make a mistake if we begin this study 
by thinking that, as they are not Christian, 
they must be wholly wrong in all their moral 
and religious life. We should be, at least, as 
open-minded as they are and we should study 
them from the standpoint of their best traits, 
not from that of their worst. 



Questions fok Study 

Aim.— To determine what Christianity will do for 
Japanese society. 

Japanese Society as It Was 

1. How did the society of Old Japan resemble that of 

Europe during the middle ages? 

2. What effect would it have upon the ideals of the 

nation that the ruling class was military in char- 
acter? 

3. What was the chief virtue of Old Japan ? 

4. What other virtues were due to the social system? 



62 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

5. What are apt to be the moral defects of such a 

system ? 

6. Let somebody previously appointed contrast the 

classes, and especially the ruling classes, of 
Japan with those of China and India and show 
the results in each case. 

7. What would be the effect upon commercial morality 

of the fact that the merchants were lowest among 
the classes ? 

8. What prevented a young man of Old Japan from 

having a separate home of his own when he 
married ? 

9. When did he become his own ruler ? 

10. What was his position meanwhile ? 

11. What sort of family life did this involve for his 

wife ? 

12. What is always the position of woman where the 

family thus completely overshadows the in- 
dividual ? 

13. What virtue is most necessary for the preservation 

of this kind of family life ? 

14. What virtues are apt to be comparatively neglected ? 

15. Try to imagine yourself as the member of a family 

of Old Japan. What would you have most 
missed that your own family life supplies? 

Japanese Society as it is 

16. What did we decide were the principal causes that 

induced the Japanese to adopt Western civiliza- 
tion ? 

17. What was the effect of this adoption upon the 

feudal system ? 

18. What, on the classes of society? 

19. Compare the change in its sweep and in the dis- 

turbance created with that of the French Revolu- 
tion. 



The People 63 

20. What became of the old spirit of military loyalty ? 

21. State in what particulars the family ideas of old 

Japan have been changed. 

22. Why have these changed less than the feudal ideas ? 

23. Has there been such a change in any other Oriental 

country ? 

24. To what extent has the position of woman been im- 

proved ? 

25. To what influences has this improvement been due ? 

What Christianity can do for Japanese Society 

26. What has been the effect of Christianity, with its 

doctrine of individual responsibility, upon the 
patriarchal type of family, wherever it has 
found it ? 

27. What has been the effect of its doctrine of the 

equality of every one in the sight of God upon 
feudal and class systems ? 

28. How have these doctrines influenced the position 

of woman in non-Christian lands ? 

29. To what extent do these ideas now fill Western 

literature and education ? 

30. What has been the influence upon Japanese society 

of contact with Western literature and educa- 
tion? 

31. To what extent has Christianity therefore been 

responsible for the changes that have thus far 
taken place in Japan? 

32. What has Christianity still to do for Japanese family 

life? For women ? For children? 

33. What especially needed traits will it develop? 

References : 
Gulick : Evolution of the Japanese, especially chs. 
Ill, V, VIII, IX, XII, XXII, XXIII, XXIX. 



64 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Cary : Japan and its Regeneration, ch. II. 

Bacon : Japanese Girls and Women, especially chs. 

Ill, IV, XII, XIII. 
Clement : Handbook of Modern Japan, chs. IV- VI, 

XIII-XV, XX. 
Griffis : The Mikado's Empire, bk. I, chs. II, XXII ; 

bk. II, ch. XVII. 
Peery : Gist of Japan, chs. III-VI. 
Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, chs. 

Ill, XV. 
Chamberlain: Things Japanese, Articles : Education, 

Japanese People, Language, Marriage, Politeness, 

Samurai, Woman, Writing, etc. 
Lewis : Educational Conquest of the Far East, First 

part. 
Newton : Japan : Country, Court and People, pt. II, 

ch. VI. 



Subjects for papers or talks: 

1. The feudal system of Old Japan and its influence 

upon character. 
Gulick : Especially chs. II, V, VII, XIII, 
XXII. 

2. The family system of Old Japan and its influence 

upon character. 
Gulick : Especially chs. VIII, IX, XXIII. 

3. The position of woman in Japan, — signs of prog- 

ress. 
Bacon : Especially chs. Ill, IV, XIII. 
Gulick : chs. IX, XXIII. 
Chamberlain : " Woman." 
Clement : ch. XIII. 
Gordon : ch. XV. 
Griffis: The Mikado's Empire, bk. II, ch. 

XVII. 



Ill 

THE RELIGIONS 

DE. A. M. FaiKBAIKST truly says that " He Good Elements 

who would maintain the Christian religion |n Eastern 
. ° Religions 

must be just and even generous to all the re- 
ligions created and professed of men." We 
should remember that these religions are the 
forces that lifted the East out of ancient sav- 
agery and made possible whatever of civili- 
zation there is. There must therefore be good 
elements in these religions. It is never fair to 
pick out only the bad and say : " Here is an- 
cestor-worshipping Shinto, and idolatrous 
Buddhism, and atheistic Confucianism. See 
what degrading customs and demoralizing 
superstitions they foster ! " 

"We would not like to have Japanese treat Fair 
Christianity in this way, for they might retort : I re ? tn ? < j nt 
" See how Christian nations force opium on 
China, and how rivers of liquor are consumed 
by Westerners, how crime flourishes, how hun- 
dreds of negroes are lynched, how divorces in- 
crease, and how every daily paper reports 
shameful things ! " So we should be fair, and 
do as we would be done by. The right way 
65 



66 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

is to show the good side of these religions be- 
fore we venture on needed criticisms. Or, we 
may think thus : " The religions that devel- 
oped Old Japan up to the point where New 
Japan became possible, may be, in the provi- 
dence of God, preparatory to the reception of 
the Christian religion, which we firmly believe 
is the only complete way given under heaven 
whereby all men may be saved." 
Oldest The oldest religion of the Japanese is Shinto, 
Rellg j apa O n " The way of the gods." Wherever you go, in 
every town and village, you see the artistic 
tori-i, the gateway to the shrine. The Japa- 
nese never thought of making the tori-i into 
jewelry, but the jewelry -loving people of the 
West saw at once the value of this shape for 
ornamentation, so that it now appears in the 
West in hair-pins, breast-pins, and picture 
frames. Massive tori-i made of granite mono- 
liths or cast in bronze are among the sights of 
this beautiful country. The word shrine 
should always be used when speaking of 
Shintoism, and temple when referring to 
Buddhism. For the Japanese words are dif- 
ferent. A Japanese never speaks of a Shinto 
temple, or of a Buddhist shrine. The shrine is 
small and plain, and has no preaching hall, while 
the temple is large and ornamented, and always 
has images in the spacious preaching hall. 
Shinto is first of all a system of ancestor 





SHINTO SHRINES 
BE SHRINK OP THE SUN-GODDESS, AMATERASU 
A FOREST OF TORI1 BEFORE A SHRINE 



The Religions 67 

worship. It certainly was an invaluable moral Moral Power 
aid in the early history of the people. Men worsWp t0f 
must worship something, and what can be bet- 
ter where there is no knowledge of the one 
loving and true Father of all men, than for 
children to believe in the continued life of the 
parents who loved and reared them ? And in 
barbarous ages would not this worshipful love 
help to create the family, and to regulate mar- 
riage and divorce, and succession, and thus 
give stability to the family and to society ? 
Would it not also deepen faith in the future 
life, and so tend to dignify human life ? The 
beautiful words of Prof. T. Hozumi, of the 
Imperial University, in Tokyo, who boasts that 
he is an ancestor worshipper, are worthy of 
record : " We firmly believe that our ancestors, 
other than their bodies, do not die. They are 
immortal. The spirits of the fathers and 
mothers who loved their children, even though 
their bodies have perished, still in the other 
world live and watch over their descendants." 
Any one can see what a power this belief has 
been in the development of the Japanese na- Has Dignified 
tion, for the Imperial Line was regarded as National Llfe 
beginning with the sun goddess, Amaterasu, 
and the people regarded themselves as de- 
scendants of this line of gods. Without this 
belief in the divinity of their Emperor there 
could have been no such Japanese nation as we 



68 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

now see. The great Ise shrine, dedicated to 
Amaterasu, is to the Japanese what Jerusalem 
The Jerusalem was to the Jew. Every Japanese longed to 
of Japan ^^ ^ s sacre( j place and worship at the f oun- 
tainhead of the nation's life. I visited this 
shrine once and was deeply impressed with the 
sight of an old man who had come a long dis- 
tance for the privilege of worshipping once be- 
fore his death. He reverently kneeled at the 
gateway, and, with his head bowed to the stone 
step, prayed his heart-felt prayer of one word : 
"Arigato, arigato" — I thank Thee, I thank 
Thee ! Even to this day it is taught in the 
elementary schools that one of the great duties 
of life is to make a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine. 
Add to this the moral teaching that every 
one owes a vast debt of gratitude to the par- 
ents who nourished him and suffered for him, 
and that worshipping them is a law of heaven 
and a part of filial piety, and it is evident that 
such teaching must have been of no little value. 
But what shall we say of the defects of 
Shinto ? There are indeed too many of them, 
for this religion includes also nature worship. 
Eight Million That is, they make a god out of anything and 

Gods and every thing. As vou ride in a jinrikisha 
Goddesses jo j « 

through the country, you see here and there 

stone monuments engraved with the words, 

" The mountain god," " The horse god," " The 

river god," " The tree god," " The fox god." 



The Religions 69 

All nature is alive with gods and goddesses, 
from the sun and moon in heaven, to the hills 
and groves and animals of earth. There is no 
use in trying to count up the objects of wor- 
ship, they are all lumped in one phrase : " The 
8,000,000 gods and goddesses." Gods were so 
much more numerous than men, that the peo- 
ple called these beautiful islands " Shinkoku,' , 
" The land of the gods." 

"With this came all sorts of superstitions Degrading 
and charms, and even licentiousness. You can Superstitions 
go to one shrine and worship a snake, and by 
paying a sen or two you can draw lots, which 
will bring you good or bad luck. You go to 
another shrine and pray the patron god to heal 
your ailing eyes, and make a vow to do some- 
thing nice for the god of the hot spring in case 
he grants your petition. The seven gods of 
luck are famous in the art of Japan, two of 
which are common in almost every house. 
Their names are Daikoku and Ebisu, and you 
can buy them in brass or wood, or even 
minutely engraved on a kernel of rice. It 
must be added, however, that these supersti- 
i"ii-, sit lightly on the people, and they laugh 
at themselves for this semi-religious nonsense. 

Of coarse, (he new thoughl from the West 
that has flooded Japan has wrought some great 
rhanges in Shinto. The open-minded leaders 
of the people quickly saw that the filth of 



70 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Shinto must be abolished. One edict went 
forth like a heavy sledge-hammer, and knocked 
Shinto into powder the grossest forms of worship. 
Reforms -r^ new education has almost killed the wor- 
ship of sun and moon. But what is of most 
significance, conductors of the great Ise Shrine, 
seeing that it could not successfully compete 
with real religion, have converted it into a 
purely secular organization, whose main busi- 
ness it is to nourish the spirit of reverent 
patriotism. The disestablishment of what was 
one of the most popular of the shrines is deeply 
significant of the increasing influence of Chris- 
tianity in Japan. 

The use of Shinto in the army must be men- 
tioned. We Westerners have costly monu- 
Monuments ments to commemorate the sacrifices and glo- 
to Soldiers r i ous successes of the soldiers who died in the 
service of their beloved land. In Japan also 
monuments are erected to the memory of the 
brave soldiers who died for Emperor and coun- 
try. But these monuments are called " Sho- 
konhi " (" calling together the spirits of the 
dead "). I have often witnessed the ceremonies 
at which Shinto priests, officiating at a small 
shrine before a monument, offer sake, vege- 
tables, flesh, and rice to the spirits of the de- 
parted, after which the regiments, drawn up 
in companies before the shrine, salute the dead 
with a bugle call. 



The Religions 71 

We need not delay longer on Shinto except to 
quote from the Japan Evangelist, Yol. VII, p. 
206 : " Shinto will linger and continue to at- 
tract thousands of worshippers to its shrines, 
but it is doomed to die. Amaterasu, the sun Shinto 
goddess, will still have her votaries here, as had Die"" 6 
Apollo in Greece and Rome ; but the rays of 
the Sun of Eighteousness will dispel the dark- 
ness of this myth. The farmers will continue 
to worship the rice god, and sailors and fisher- 
men will still worship the god of the seas. 
But they will gradually learn of the Almighty, 
who sendeth seed-time and harvest, and who 
ruleth the wind and storms." 

Next to Christianity, Buddhism is the most Buddhism 
powerful religion in the world. It pervades 
all the great nations of the East, and is said 
to be at its best in Japan. It is a very diffi- At its Best 
cult task to study Buddhism. I have inquired 
of scholarly priests what Life of Shaka they 
would recommend me to read, and always 
their frank replies are like this : " There is no 
reliable Life of Shaka to recommend. You 
have an advantage over us there, for you have 
your four Gospels, but Shaka's life has to be 
gathered from various books and is not in 
shape to offer an inquirer." l 

1 Sinn- writing the above, a " Life of Shaka " has appeared, 
written by Inoue Tetsujiro, Profes-or in tin- Imperial Uni- 
>eiMty. Owing t<> its timely comparison of Christ with 



72 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

"We know, however, that Shaka did one 

noble act that will forever stand to his praise. 

Shaka's He renounced his high birth and his heirship 
Sacrifice 

to the throne, and became poor that he might 

find a way of deliverance for the people. "We 
know that he had a big heart of compassion 
for all sufferers, and that he loved a life of 
purity. And when he died at a ripe old age, 
the adoring disciples of the saintly man wor- 
shipped him as a divine incarnation. 

His religion as it appears in Japan with its 
dozen sects, its splendid temples, its scholarly 
priests, and gorgeous rituals, attracts the at- 
tention of every student of this country. The 
Two Kinds of two sides of Buddhism that impress the in- 
Buddhism q U j rer arGj j^s strong intellectuality, and its 
weak ignorance. There are many scholars 
who profess Buddhism, but when you ask 
what they believe, it turns out to be more of a 
A philosophy than a religion. If I were to con- 
080 Creed dense it into one sentence, this would be a fair 
statement : They believe in no Creator, but 
accept an endless evolution, with unerring 
causes and effects ; and man can escape from 
the wheel of necessity and the evils of exist- 
ence only by being absorbed back into the un- 
conscious energy that pervades all things. 

Shaka, it will impart much valuable information about 
Christ to non-Christian readers. But numerous Buddhists 
would wholly condemn this rationalistic " Life," 










lM^^fe 



--^ 



Sis 

Ho 



The Religions 73 

The point to remember is, that the one thought 
educated Buddhists repell is that of a Crea- 
tor. " "Who made Him ? " is their sceptical 
question. They much prefer the endless chain 
of cause and effect to any self-existent First 
Cause. 

So much for the scholarly Buddhists. But 
when we come to the masses, what do we find ? Jjjjjjjj* of 
The first objects that capture our attention 
are the temples and the images before which 
worship is performed. There is the splendid 
bronze Daibutsu of Kamakura, into whose 
head and nose tourists for a small fee are per- 
mitted to climb. There is the great Kara Dai- 
butsu, fifty-three feet high, that has stood for 
1,150 years. Then come innumerable images 
of Shaka, followed by those of Kwannon, the 
Merciful ; of Amida, the deity of Boundless 
Light ; of Jizo, the Compassionate ; of Fudo, 
the Wise ; and of Koshin, amusingly repre- 
sented by three monkeys. 

Amida is the object of worship in the im- 
posing Hongwanji temples, the chief of which 
is in Kyoto. The creed of this sect resembles Creed of 
Christianity in one respect, it makes faith the Amida Sect 
most important thing. Their creed says: 
" Our salvation is settled the moment we put 
our faith in Amida." All that is required is 
to invoke his name us a sign of gratitude, but 
"prayer for bappia§pi3 in this life is not al- 



74 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

lowed, as the events of life are all under a 
rigid necessity. To love others, live an or- 
derly life, and obey the laws are enjoined." 
How Mercy Kwannon, the goddess of mercy, shows 
what a strong hold Shaka's teaching of pity 
has on the East. It is a noble virtue, and its 
wide reception has wrought a great work in 
modifying the cruel and savage instincts of 
semi-civilized man. Many beautiful stories of 
Kwannon's saving power in times of distress 
and peril are told, and there is no doubt that 
the moral nature has been thus enriched. 

Fudo, the god of wisdom, enveloped in 
flames of fire, is another important incarna- 
tion. The uplifted sword in one hand, and 
the rope with which to bind criminals in the 
other, are symbols of justice and of punish- 
ment for the wicked. 

The three monkeys make an amusing spec- 
Monkey tacle as moral instructors. Their hands cover 
eyes, mouth and ears, thus teaching that there 
are some things you should not see, some you 
should not say, and others that you should not 
hear. 

But side by side with many beautiful teach- 
ings of benevolence and self-denial and com- 
passion, there are countless forms of supersti- 
tion in open sight all through the land. While 
many simple-minded people doubtless sincerely 
pray for divine aid, their supplications are 



Machinery 



The Religions 75 

mainly for material and bodily assistance. 
They have prayer-beads strung together, with P/aylng by 
which to count off the hundred or thousand 
times the name of Amida has been repeated. 
In temples and by the roadside there are 
prayer- wheels, by turning which you "get 
blessings for the dead." To put pebbles on 
Jizo, secures, it is said, his aid on your journey 
and comfort for your children. I once saw a 
sad mother ask a priest to pray for her dead 
child ; he thereupon rang a bell, chanted some 
ancient words, not one of which the poor 
mother could understand, then gently touched 
her head with the end of the bell-rope, and re- 
ceived his pay. I have seen old women, bent 
with age and pain, go to the temples and rub 
the stomach of the god Binzuru, then rub their 
own, believing that this deed would cure what 
the doctors had failed to relieve. The worst 
of it is that hosts of priests encourage the pur- 
chase of charms of all sorts, even though they 
themselves know, by the new light that has 
come, the utter futility of the trash they sell. 
There are scholars who love philosophy, and 
who are thoroughly well aware of the gross 
deceptions practiced on the ignorant classes, Scholars vs. 
but who urge that the deep truths of Bud- 
dhism can never be understood by the common 
herd, and so the best way is to use idols and 
prayer machinery and charms, indeed any 



Masses 



76 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

symbol that the untaught mind can grasp. 
They virtually seem to say : " Let them wor- 
ship these beautiful idols reverently, and 
repeat the blessed name of Amida thousands 
of times, and hang up charmed symbols that 
catch their eyes every time they go in and out 
of their houses. It really gives them comfort, 
and it is for them the best way, though we 
know there is nothing in it." 

I regret to write these things, for I am 
personally acquainted with many excellent 
young priests, who are really anxious to aid 
Attitude of the peorjle. But among leading Japanese 
Japanese there are those who use much stronger con- 
demnatory language than any missionary 
would care to do. They see with deep regret 
the degrading superstitions that Buddhism 
fosters, and they lash the priests mercilessly. 
Some of these persons disavow all religion, 
and say that there is no need of any religion 
among educated people, but since it is a 
necessity for inferior minds, it should be 
made as rational as possible. There is no 
especial need for missionaries to attack Bud- 
dhism, for the Japanese themselves are con- 
stantly doing it much more effectively than 
foreigners can do. Here is a sample of how 
it is done. The words are taken from an 
address by Baron Kato Hiroyuki, formerly 
President of the Imperial University ; 



The Religions 77 

"The priests are indeed a rotten set and University 
they themselves have the greatest need of criticism S 
reformation. They are absolutely unable to 
save the masses, and are moreover a peril to 
society. It is a sad and grave question how 
to deal with them. Of course their corruption, 
is not a child of to-day, it is the accumulations 
of ages and has reached the climax now. 
Christianity is very different. There are bad 
priests there too, but it is marvellous — the zeal 
of the majority of them. Christian doctrines 
are hardly worth looking at, but the men who 
propagate them are good and helpful to so- 
ciety. The prime thing in religion is the men 
who uphold it, not the religion they uphold. 
The priests of to-day are evil fellows, and the 
damage they are doing to society cannot be 
condoned." 

I must add one more criticism taken from 
the JVijjjjon, one of the ablest papers of 
Tokyo. In an editorial on " Stirring up Bud- cSSim 
dhist Priests " there is this sentence : " The 
reason our people are indifferent to religion is 
not because they are deficient in religious 
feelings, but because Buddhist priests have 
lost their religious earnestness. It is wholly 
their sin and their shame." 

Equally damaging criticisms are very com- 
mon. What is more significant still is the 
fact that among Buddhists themselves are 



78 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Better Priests many reformers earnestly working to improve 
r en y morals, and to make Buddhism a real power 
in the new life of Japan. The better and 
abler priests no longer hate Christianity as 
they did twenty years ago, but rather are 
learning from Christian methods how to main- 
tain more fitly their own place. Whrle writing 
this chapter, a learned priest called to invite 
me to speak with him in his temple on re- 
ligion. He said that ten years ago he hated 
Christianity and missionaries, but that he had 
absolutely changed his opinions. He even 
plans to visit the United States and England 
to thank the people, first, for the political and 
civil blessings gained through intercourse with 
these countries, and secondly, for sending the 
Christian religion, which has revealed their 
faults and forced them to reform their lives. 
He confessed that educated Buddhists no 
longer believed in transmigration which 
makes the life of man the same thing as that 
of a snake or bird or beast, but that they now 
teach the modern doctrine of heredity. 

Indeed there is a very strong reform move- 
ment in progress. Buddhists now have large 
Buddhist schools, and even what they call universities, 
e orms where their 9,000 students are taught modern 
science, where comparative religion is studied, 
and what is more remarkable, where Christian 
teachers are employed and the Bible is one of 



The Religions 79 

the text-books. Prominent Christians, and 
occasionally a missionary, are invited to 
lecture on the Christian faith. The methods 
of Christian work are carefully studied and 
adopted into Buddhism. Shaka's birthday is 
now being celebrated somewhat like our Christ- 
mas. Sundays are used for their preaching 
days in many places. Buddhist Young Men's 
Associations are formed, and the secret of 
Christian earnestness is being eagerly sought 
after. 

Now let us look at Confucianism. This, in- 
deed, is not called a religion, and yet it has so Confucianism 
much to do with moulding the moral life of as a R el 'g Jon 
the people, and has aided Buddhism and 
Shintoism so much, that it is worthy to be 
classed with the religions of the country. 
Confucius lived in China 300 B. c, and gave 
to that nation the teaching that has made all 
generations since love and worship him. 

The simplest way of gaining an understand- 
ing of Confucius's teaching is to take his 
" Five Relations," the first of which is that of 
"Lord and Retainer. " This relation is the "Lord and 
main controlling principle that has shaped the Retainer " 
destiny of Japan. It really runs into a re- 
ligious sentiment, for the Samurai worshipped 
his master almost as if he were a god. While 
there was much selfish and despotic use of 
power on the part of the lords, there were 



80 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

also many instances of noble regard for the 
best interests of the people. I love to read 
such stories as that of Uesugi Yozan, Daimyo 
of Yonezawa, who, when he saw the distressed 
Some Noble condition of the people, reduced his family ex- 
Lords penses by four-fifths, and wore cotton, and 
said his greatest desire was to be " the father 
and mother of the people." His instructions 
to his officers were : " Go with Jizo's mercy, 
but forget not Fudo's justice," and this shows 
how Buddhism helped this earnest Con- 
fucianist. He hated the evil influences of 
the harlot houses and abolished them all from 
his province. He said : " Clean moral homes 
are the basis of a nation." 

Here is one more illustration of a moral 
power that occasionally came out of Confu- 
Ieyasu cianism. Ieyasu, the founder of the Shogun- 
and his a ^ e? j s regarded as perhaps the greatest hero 
Japan has produced. In his wars, his enemy, 
Mitsunari, was defeated, and fearing the re- 
venge of Ieyasu's seven generals, he sent to 
Ieyasu for pardon. The desired forgiveness 
was immediately granted, but the seven gen- 
erals were indignant that such an enemy 
should escape death, and remonstrated with 
Ieyasu. The proverb he quoted to them 
shows how near the best hearts in all ages are 
-to Christ's " Love your enemies." His reply 
was: "Even a hunter will have pity on a 



The Religions 8l 



■t5 



distressed bird when it seeks refuge in his 
bosom." 

It is natural that such ideal lords should 
have ideal retainers, whose lives were devoted Devotion of 
to their masters. Sometimes this devotion Retamers 
took the form of killing one's self in order to 
accompany the dying lord on his lonesome 
journey to the other world. I write these 
words in sight of twenty-four tombs of the 
bravest and best of the ancient warriors of 
Sendai, who disembowelled themselves on the 
death of their prince. Occasionally this de- 
votion took the form of rebuking the lord for 
some unworthy act, even when the advice 
would bring death to the faithful servant. 
For example, an aged retainer of a young 
Shogun saw with deep anxiety his youthful 
lord's frivolous life, his love of games and 
dances and flowers, and determined to arouse 
him to his duties as a ruler. So going to the 
palace, he noticed a most exquisite dwarfed 
cherry-tree in full blossom in a splendid flower- 
pot, lie rather bluntly asked his lord to give 
him the cherry-tree. On being refused he 
seized the pot and dashed it, flowers and all, 
on the stone steps, saying : " You care moro 
for things than for men." He expected death, 
but his lord saw the earnest purpose of his 
servant and repenting of his own frivolous 
life, forgave him. indeed, this relation of 



82 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

lord and retainer has been a mighty power 
for good in building up the nation and in fit- 
ting it for true representative government. 

Father and The next relation is that of " Father and Son," 
Son or, it may be more properly, " Parents and 
Children." When we foreigners see the words, 
father and mother, we naturally think of the 
duties parents owe to their children ; but 
Confucius placed the emphasis on the duties 

Children's children owe to their parents. The father 
u Ies had almost absolute power over the life of his 
child. A man who had become a Christian 
told me how he had more children than he 
could support, and so one morning he took his 
baby boy to the canal to throw him in, but 
the little fellow's confiding smile turned the 
father's heart from its inhuman purpose. He 
took the babe back and educated him. He is 
now a pastor of an important church. 

There were, of course, noble fathers and 
Parents' some splendid mothers who made every sacri- 
Dutles fi ce f or their children's good. One of the first 
Christian novels of Japan tells of a widow, 
whose only son was a careless, aimless boy. 
His mother tried to inspire him with the lofty 
purpose of reestablishing their house, then in 
danger of becoming extinct. Her efforts 
were all in vain, until one day she took him 
to his father's grave and kneeling there with 
him, sternly rebuked him in the face of the 



The Religions 83 

dead for his thoughtless life. Then drawing 
a dirk she handed it to him with this startling- 
order : " Die, coward ! Die with this dirk 
here and now ! Then I will follow you ! " 
In this way this Spartan-like mother aroused 
her boy so that he became a great and success- 
ful man. He never could cease to love and 
reverence her. He said : " The fire of my 
mother's face burned into my soul and gave 
me the supreme decision of my life. Therefore 
I am a worshipper of my mother." This repre- Christian 
sents some of the best traditions of Japanese J™{J5JJ ,S 
family life, and with such a basis, it is easy to 
see how welcome with many is the Christian 
truth, which emphasizes the duties of parents 
and recognizes the rights even of children. 

The third relation is that of "Husband and "Husband 
Wife." Confucius expressly teaches that hus- andW,fe " 
band and wife are very "different" beings, 
which is in startling contrast to the teachings 
of Christ who called the twain " one." The 
husband of the East was carefully cautioned 
not to love his wife very much, as that showed Marriage 
an effeminate man. The kiss between hus- 
band and wile was wholly unknown, and when 
foreigners were first seen to show affection in 
this way, it was regarded as extremely funny. 
" Every time I see foreigners kiss, I catch a 
sick," said a student who was trying to air 
his English. 



84 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Dr. Neesima once remarked to his students, 
as he was going abroad, that it was hard to 
Parent Before leave his wife and parents. That he should 
have mentioned his wife before his parents 
was such a violation of Eastern thought as 
could have been occasioned only by long con- 
tact with Christian homes. The order grated 
on the ears of the young men who heard him. 

Nevertheless, woman in Japan is woman 
still. Nine empresses have sat on the throne. 
Worthy Many a woman has put an end to her life 
rather than see dishonor come upon herself 
or upon her husband's name. At times, the 
same lofty spirit that led the Samurai to die 
gladly for his lord, found the wife as willing 
to endure death for her lord, her husband. 

There used to be seven reasons for divorce, 
but these have been greatly modified by the 
Divorces new laws. The official number of divorces 
Decreasing M1 remarkably from 12 4,075 in 1897, to 66,- 
417 in 1S99, while the number of marriages 
for those two years were 365,207 and 297,117 
respectively. 

It is a pleasure to add that the women of 
Womanhood Japan are recognizing as never before their 
Respected own m oral dignity. Married women have al- 
ways been taught to call themselves by the in- 
ferior term of " concubine," but now they are 
beginning openly to protest against the use of 
this word. There is no more convincing proof 



The Religions 85 

of the wholly new position women are coming 
to take than the words of Prof. Inoue Tetsu- 
jiro, of the Imperial University. He says in a 
book that has gone through twenty-three edi- 
tions, and is used in the public schools as a 
reference book : " The husband should not 
lightly seek his own good, but should think of 
the happiness of her who makes his vicissi- 
tudes her own. He should never regard his 
wife as a servant nor use her harshly. Rather, 
as his nearest and dearest companion, he should 
have a deep and compassionate love for her as 
long as she lives. This feeling should bind the 
two bodies into one heart as with an iron chain. 
When such families abound, the foundation of 
the home is secure." No Japanese could pos- 
sibly have written such sentiments before the 
coming of Commodore Perry. It is one of the 
many gratifying testimonies to the effective 
manner in which the spirit of Christian moral- 
ity is transforming Japan. 

The fourth relation is that of " Elder and " Elder and 
Younger Brother." The Japanese language Broth?/" 
has no word that means simply brother or 
simply sister. You have to say, "this is my 
elder brother," " my younger brother," " mjr 
elder sister," "my younger sister." This is 
because the family is Imilt upon the up and 
down plan, and so every term used must show 
the relative position of the individual. The 



86 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Elder first-born rules the others almost as though he 
Authority were the head of the household. The common 
exhortation even now is, " Be obedient to 
your father and " — one would naturally ex- 
pect the next word would be " mother" — but 
it is not, it is " elder brother." 

The elder brother ranks first, but he also has 

His Moral corresponding duties and responsibilities. He 
Responsibility ig the heir nQt Qnly of the fortune but a l so f 

the debts and other burdens of the whole fam- 
ily. He might be selfish and despotic and 
bring distress and ruin on the others, but there 
was a strong ethical idea that modified the as- 
sumption of selfish authority, and made the 
family a moral power in society. But it was 
not a home in our meaning of the term. 

"Friends" The fifth relation is "Friends." It is in 
practice a narrow relation, and has no refer- 
ence to mankind. " Confucius knew nothing 
of universal philanthropy" (Rein's "Japan," 
p. 447). What a friend owes a friend in the or- 
Narrow dinary intercourse of life was the usual idea 

FrTenS? 1 of friendsni P> but it had at times a nobler 
meaning : " Even a stranger is from the same 
great womb of nature, and hence is to be 
treated as a friend." How wide a meaning 
could be given to " strangers " would doubtless 
depend on circumstances. The idea of " for- 
eigner " we know was not included, for foreign 
intercourse was forbidden on pain of death, 



The Religions 87 

and the father of the present Emperor had 
prayers offered up at the Ise Shrine that the 
barbarians from the West might all be driven 
into the ocean and expelled forever from the 
land of the gods. 

Now shall we call these moral and religions 
systems wholly " false " when there is so much » Broken 
truth in them ? Rather let us glory in all the £jg*j" of 
good there is in these imperfect religions, 
and remember that " in every nation those 
who work righteousness are acceptable to 
God." God has never left these peoples of the 
East, but has been leading them up to this 
"fullness of time" when the fullness of truth, 
as revealed in Christ, is freely given unto them. 
While Shaka and Confucius were truly no- 
ble men who have wrought a mighty work 
for good, yet their work was in no sense final 
or perfect. Sir Edwin Arnold once said to a 
missionary, " One verse of the Sermon on the 
Mount is worth all the words of Shaka." If 
asked in what these systems have failed, the Failures 
answers come at once : 

1. They have failed to teach the worth and 
dignity of man. They teach the dignity Masses 
of a few upper-crust men, and leave the Ne 8 ,ected 
masses to be servants and even slaves. 

2. Not knowing the value of man, only 
despotic forms of government were possi- 
ble, in which the words "Liberty" and 



88 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 



Liberty and 

Rights 

Disregarded 



Woman 
Degraded 



Children 
Unappreciated 



Meaning of 
Sin Unfelt 



" Eights " were not known. When these 
words were first heard in Japan some 
forty years ago they were regarded as 
perils to the State. These old religions 
never could have given liberty and rights 
to the common people and to Eta. Only 
a Christian civilization could have done 
that. 

They did not give woman her true place. 
Some truly noble mothers have risen 
above their religious belief, but the mass 
of women were left in ignorance and in a 
kind of slavery. 

And the children — of course it was not 
known that they were of the Kingdom of 
Heaven, and that all, girls as well as boys, 
are worthy of being educated. Neither 
Shaka nor Confucius ever dreamed of call- 
ing a child and taking him as a text to 
teach needed lessons to their intellectual 
disciples. Christ alone knew the priceless 
worth of a little child. 

And how can men, without a knowledge 
of a Holy God and a sinless Saviour, 
know what sin is ? I saw a teacher once 
get red-hot with anger on being told that 
he was a sinner. An evangelist preach- 
ing in Tokyo said : " All men are sin- 
ners." Instantly he was challenged by an 
over loyal fellow who indignantly in- 



The Religions 89 

quired, " Is His Majesty the Emperor a 
sinner ? " And grasping a chair he pro- 
ceeded to knock such ideas out of the 
preacher's head until a policeman ap- 
peared. Those who have come near to 
Christ in this land are quick to see what 
they could not see before, that the coming 
of Christ to Japan has given a new and 
deep meaning to the old word " sin." They 
then begin to understand the need of the 
Gospel message, " Repent." 
6. And, after all, is not the prime defect 
their ignorance of God, the Creator, the Character 
Father, the Saviour ? How can men who unknown 
know not God know their own destiny, 
and know how to be saved from sin ? 

Here is added the official report of the Buddhist and 
Shintoist priests, shrines and temples. There are no priests 
nor temples of Confucianism. 

Buddhist Temples 71,977 

" Priests 52,873 

Shinto Shrines 58,071 

" Priests 16,408 



Questions for Study 

Aim.— To determine what the religions of Japan have 
done for her and what they have failed to do. 

Shinto— Its Best Side and Defects 
I. What effect would ancestor worship have in primi- 
tive society upon the stability of the family ? 



90 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

2 



What effect would the worship of imperial an- 
cestors have upon the stability of the nation ? 

Sum up the helpful contributions of Shinto to 
ancient Japanese society. 

What effect has your belief in an omnipotent 
Father in making you free from superstitious fears ? 

What effect does the lack of this belief produce in 
Shinto ? 

What are the practical evils of the worship of many 
nature gods? 

What will be the effect of Christianity and Western 
civilization upon all such religions as Shinto ? 



Buddhism— Its Best Side and Defects 

8. How would it affect our religious life if we had no 

Scriptures in the vernacular ? 

9. How, if we had no life of Christ to which we could 

turn with confidence ? 

10. How, if we could believe in no personal Father? 

11. How does Buddhism illustrate the results of the 

lack of these things? 

12. What is the best side of scholarly Buddhism? 

13. What, its worst side ? 

14. What teachings of popular Buddhism most nearly 

approach those of Christianity ? 

15. What is the weak side of popular Buddhism? 

16. How do educated Japanese contrast Buddhism and 

Christianity ? 

17. What has been the effect of Christianity on that 

which is best and that which is worst in Buddhism ? 

18. Will all this in the end be a gain or a loss? 

Confucianism— Its Best Side and Defects 

19. What are the five relations ? 

20. Which of them approaches most nearly to the 

Christian ideal ? 



The Religions 91 

21. Which falls farthest short, and why? 

22. What is your general criticism of the teaching of 

the five relations ? 

23. State how each of them influenced for good and for 

evil the society of Old Japan. 

24. How will Christianity supply what they lack ? 



The General Defects of Japanese Religions 

25. What one belief do you consider most essential in 

religion ? 

26. Show how this belief affects the entire life of man ? 

27. Is this belief a part of the teaching of Shaka and 

Confucius ? 

28. If not, show how its lack has influenced for ill the 

whole life of man under those religions. 

Refereyices : 

Cary : Japan and its Regeneration, ch. IV. 

Peery : Gist of Japan, chs. VI, VII. 

Clement: Handbook of Modern Japan, chs. XVII, 

XVIII. 
Gulick : Evolution of the Japanese, chs. XXII- 

XXVIII, XXXII-XXXV. 
(iriffis: Religions of Japan, especially chs. Ill, IV, 
VII, IX, X. 

The Mikado's Empire, bk. I, chs. X, XVI ; bk. II, 
ch. IV. 
Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, ch. 

XVIII. 
Chamberlain : Things Japanese, Articles : Buddhism, 

Confucianism, Demoniacal Possession, Pilgrimages, 

Religion, Shinto, Superstitions. 
Newton: Japan: Country, Court and People, pt. II, 

chs. II, VII. 



02 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Subjects for papers or talks: 

i . The effect upon Japanese history of the revival of 
Shinto. 
Griffis: The Mikado's Empire, ch. XXVIII. 

Japan, ch. XXIV. 
Chamberlain : *' Shinto." 

2. The Shin sect of Buddhism. 

Griffis : Religions of Japan, ch. IX. 
Cary : ch. IV. 
Clement : ch. XVIII. 

3. The Buddhist idea of salvation. 

Griffis : Religions of Japan, chs. VI, IX. 

Cary : ch. IV. 

Clement: ch. XVIII. 

Gulick : chs. XXXII, XXXIV. 



IV 

THE FIRST AND SECOND COMING OF 
CHRISTIANITY 

Theee are two wholly distinct periods of 
Christian missions in Japan. The first was First Coming 
begun by the earnest and successful Xavier in of Christianity 
1542, and was, of course, wholly a movement 
of the Eoman Catholic Church. Xavier him- 
self was in Japan but a very short time, less 
than two years, but he started a work that 
other priests carried on for nearly a century 
with extraordinary results. " In little over 
half a century the Christians numbered nearly 
one million, the highest figure ever attained 
in Japan." 

But one trouble with this great missionary 
movement was that it was a kind of political political in 
Christianity. Japan was in a very unsettled Charact er 
state and wars between the daimyos were dev- 
astating the land. Buddhist priests had their 
strong fortified temples on mountains and in 
cities, and were warriors quite as much as 
they were religionists. They were a hard lot 
to manage, and the leading general, Nobu- 
naga, fought them savagely, burning their 
three thousand temples on Mount Hiei near 
Kyoto, where now missionaries camp out 
93 



94 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

during the hot months. For political reasons 
this general favoured Christianity, hoping thus 
to weaken the Buddhists. Certain Southern 
daimyos also, for political reasons, joined the 
Christian movement, and some commanded 
their followers to become Christians, so that 
things went on with wonderful success for 
awhile. One and another of these daimyos 
sent embassies to Europe to examine the po- 
litical situation, to meet the Pope, and study 
Christianity, and they brought back reports 
generally favourable. 

But after Nobunaga, arose another great 
general, Hideyoshi, who scorned the ways and 
Persecution the teachings of the foreign priests and began 
o r stians ^ ooc jy persecutions. These were indeed dark 
days for Japan. At last Ieyasu, the founder 
of the Shogunate, won the great battle of 
Sekigahara in 1600, and beheaded the Chris- 
tian daimyos who had fought against him. 
Ten } r ears later he discovered a treacherous 
correspondence on the part of a prominent 
Christian to betray Japan. He therefore or- 
dered all Christians out of the country and 
commenced those terrible persecutions which 
resulted in stamping out of Japan all visible 
traces of Christianity. Tens of thousands 
were killed in the executions and battles that 
followed. This bloody chapter ended in 
tightly closing Japan to the outside world for 



The Coming of Christianity 95 

250 years, save one little island near Nagasaki 
where the Dutch could carry on their commerce. 
We cannot dismiss this century of Chris- 
tianity without a few explanatory statements : 

1. This political form of Christianity was 
undoubtedly a peril to the independence of Peril to 
Japan. There were noble, self-sacrificing jJJj^mcB 
priests at work here, and among the converts 

high and low, there were some as true be- 
lievers in Christ as could be found in Europe. 
But none the less, the work as a whole cer- 
tainly threatened the peace and safety of the 
empire, by fostering rebellions and intrigues, 
so that the cruel order of extermination seemed 
to be the only method of safety in that age. 

2. Nowhere in the history of Christianity Christians 
have converts endured persecutions with greater " f i ? ( !, ,n 
courage and firmness than in Japan. They 

were crucified and horribly mangled. They 
were burned and tortured in indescribable 
ways. Within a few blocks from the place 
where I write, the following edict was exhib- 
ited and similar ones were hung up in every 
important town : 

" If any one is suspected of being a Christian, 
inform against him at once. Informers shall Hostile 
have the following rewards : d cf 

" For a Christian priest, 300 pieces of silver. 
Pot a catechumen, 300 pieces of silver. 
For one who has Becretly retained home, -ioo pieces 
of silver. 



96 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

For one who has lived in the same house with a 
Christian, 100 pieces of silver. 

If one informs concerning members of his own fam- 
ily, he shall have 105 pieces of silver. 

If one conceals a Christian, his house and all local 
officials shall be severely punished." 

I often pass by a little hill on which were 
executed thirty men, women and children who 
refused to deny Christ. The martyr blood 
has made that place so sacred in the eyes of 
Protestant Christians of the neighbourhood, 
that, when recently they were about to begin 
special revival services, they went out at sun- 
rise to consecrate themselves to their work on 
this hill where so many gladly died for Christ. 



&i, % ¥ * x k 



A DECREE AGAINST CHRISTIANITY 
The above copy of a decree of the Japanese Government against 
Christianity was originally written on a wooden board. This is the trans- 
lation : 

ORDER 
Hitherto the Christian Religion has been fordidden, and 
the order must be strictly kept I 

The corrupt religion is strictly forbidden 1 ! 
Done in the 3d month of the 4th [year] of Kyo (March, 
1868). 

By order of the Inugami Prefecture. 



The Coming of Christianity 97 

Japan was not alone in thus mercilessly Ljk e European 
stamping out this imperfect Christianity, for Inquisitions 
Europe was doing deeds equally barbarous 
with its abominable inquisitions and tortures 
for heretics. In no part of the globe had the 
people at that time risen to the idea of religi- 
ous liberty. 

3. In spite of these severe measures, there Dangers of 
were thousands who clung in secret to their Secret 
faith, handed down from parents to children. 
While we rejoice in their indomitable fidelity, 
it is pitiable to note the incalculable damage 
done to the spiritual nature by the enforced 
secrecy. These people had to enroll them- 
selves as Buddhists or Shintoists. Their 
houses had the usual god-shelf, and their 
worship of the gods was apparently just like 
that of others. I know a farmer's home 
where a copper image of the Virgin Mary was 
kept daring all these ages and passed down 
from father to son with this solemn injunc- 
tion : " En this little box is a precious charm 
that if worshipped, unopened, will bring bless- 
ings to all the house. But if the least attempt 
be made to open the box, untold curses will 
fall upon all of you." Later, in days of 
liberty and enlightenment, the farmer ventured 
to open the box and out dropped the image. 
Faith thus secretly passed on, with no open 
teaching of God and of Christ and with no 



98 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

written "Word of Life, could not possibly re- 
sult in noble Christian characters. 
Deep Prejudice 4. The deep hatred of Christianity that 

ChrisUans was t ^ LUS ^ e P* a ^ Ve * n ^ e mm( * s anc ^ hearts of 
the people for over two centuries is undoubt- 
edly one of the causes, that, even at the pres- 
ent time, prevents its favourable consideration 
by the older people, especially in the interior. 
There is really nothing that they feared so 
much as this "Evil Eeligion." And, to this 
day, when a son away at school in the city 
writes to his parents in the country that he 
has become a Christian, he is indignantly 
warned not to bring that disgrace on his 
house on peril of being disinherited. So real 
an obstacle to the spread of the Gospel is 
the old prejudice that one of the leading 
statesmen of Japan, the Hon. Shimada 
Saburo, M. P., has recently published a book 
to show, that, while the political Christianity 
of three hundred years ago was a real peril to 
Japan, the Christianity of to-day, and espe- 
cially Protestant Christianity, is not only not 
dangerous, but will bring great good to the 



Second With this brief reference to the earlier corn- 
Coming not ing of Christianity, we pass on to the begin- 
ning of modern missions, which, in spite of 
heavy drawbacks, is one of the most glorious 
chapters in the whole history of the Church. 



The Coming of Christianity 99 

For the Christianity that in recent years has 
come to Japan is not of the political kind. 
It is not backed by gunboats and the power of 
Western governments. At first the mission- 
aries were suspected of being spies sent in ad- 
vance to prepare the way for conquests and for 
seizures of territory. Every Japanese who had 
anything to do with missionaries was suspected 
of being a traitor. Plots were formed to as- 
sassinate prominent teachers of Christianity, 
in the firm conviction that the success of such 
schemes would benefit Japan. 

Missionaries must, of course, have the pro- 
tection of their home governments as much as Treaty 
merchants. So the first treaty with the Provisions 
United States in 1858 contained a clause se- 
curing to Americans the right to erect their 
own places of worship, and also a promise 
that the Japanese would abolish the practice 
of trampling on the cross. In international 
relations, religion is a very big question. The 
revised treaty between the United States and 
Japan gives the Japanese the right to build 
temples and shrines in the United States, and 
to worship Amida, Jizo, the three monkeys, or 
anything they like; while we Americans in 
Japan have the right of our worship with en- 
tire liberty of conscience. 

Let us now consider sonic of the obstacles Early 
which confronted the first missionaries : Obstacles 



L.of 



loo Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Treaty 1- They had very little liberty of move- 
Restrictions men t. They could live only in the few open 
ports, and even there they were restricted to 
small plots of ground called " concessions." 
In the daytime they could go out twenty 
miles from home, but must return by 
night. No travelling in the interior was per- 
mitted without special passports. These 
restrictions were not wholly abolished until 
the treaties were revised in 1899. Threats 
from fanatical Samurai were not uncommon. 
Even as late as 1884, the missionaries in Kyoto 
received an anonymous letter full of murder- 
ous intent containing such sentences as these : 
" To the four American Barbarians, Davis, 
Gordon, Learned, and Greene, bad priests, 
four robbers. You have come from a far 
country with the evil religion of Jesus, and as 
slaves of the Japanese robber, JSTeesima. You 
are deceiving the people with bad teaching, 
and we shall soon with Japanese swords inflict 
the punishment of heaven upon you. But we 
do not wish to defile the sacred soil of Japan 
with your abominable blood. Hence, take 
your families and go quickly." Now Japan is 
as free for residence and work as any other 
land. 

2. Far Avorse than confinement in a con- 
cession Avas the inability to use the difficult 
language. Many of the early missionaries be- 



The Coming of Christianity 101 

gan to preach in a year or so, for great was Language 
their desire to tell the story of Christ. In Difficu,ties 
those days I saw audiences listening with 
reverence and deep interest to these earnest 
efforts, but I found out in after years that the 
hearers knew very little of what the missionary 
was saying. For instance, at the close of a 
sermon on John the Baptist, portraying his 
courage, his lofty faith, and his sincerity, one 
of these apparently reverent hearers asked the 
missionar} r whether this John the Baptist was 
the name of a place or of a person ! The Japa- 
nese are very polite, and indeed are the most 
sympathetic of listeners, but I have occasion- 
ally seen an audience nearly split its sides try- 
ing to hold in its laughter over some funny 
blunder, as when a missionary says "funeral" 
when he means "organization." I was once 
introduced to an audience thus : " Please 
listen respectfully to the foreigner. If you 
hear him say ' turtle ' (' kame ') remember that 
be means ' God ' (' Kami ')." There is no doubt 
that many a sermon has been preached on the 
" turtle." And so discouraging is this obstacle 
of the language that bitter tears have wet 
many a cheek in the prolonged struggle to 
master enough of it to tell in a worthy way the 
story of Christ. 

But now there are numerous text-books and 
dictionaries and fairly good native teachers. 



102 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Work now All the large missionary societies have care- 
Systematized f u iiy prepared courses of study generally cov- 
ering three years, with frequent examinations, 
so that newcomers have not to face such diffi- 
culties as those encountered by the early mis- 
sionaries. 

3. Another obstacle that exists here, and in 
every great mission field, is the influence of 
Evil Lives of evilly disposed foreigners. One of the first 
Residents things that impressed me in landing in Japan 
was the contempt and even brutality which 
some of the foreigners showed toward Japa- 
nese. Without the slightest provocation, one 
of these haughty fellows wantonly struck my 
jinrikisha man across the neck with a heavy 
horse- whip, raising a welt of bruised flesh as 
thick as one's finger. To Japan come many 
worthy men and women, but there are also 
many of low morals and dissolute life. And 
the general impression among the Japanese is 
that these wicked people, too, are Christians, 
and that their lives are a product of Chris- 
tianity. 

This mistaken method of judgment is ap- 
Sins of plied in a sweeping way to all so-called Chris- 
Christendom t j an coun tries. Even to-day the press of 
Japan contains accounts of the intemperance, 
gambling, divorces, murders, briberies, greed, 
and other evils, in Christian nations. I am more 
glad than I can tell that the question of human 



The Coming of Christianity 103 

slavery was finally settled before I came as a 
missionary of Jesus. For the work of preach- 
ing the gospel of brotherhood would have been 
vastly more difficult, had I been a representa- 
tive of a nation practicing the buying and sell- 
ing of human beings. 

A recent magazine writer says of Western 
Christianity : " It is an empty name, an empty Not as good 
faith, with empty houses of worship, and the as the Book 
priests and believers have empty hearts." 
When I read such statements, I think how true 
is the remark of an objector to Christianity. 
He said : " If you people of the West were 
only as good as your Book, we would all 
speedily accept your religion." Indeed, it is 
true that the greatest difficulty in getting 
Christianity believed in Japan, is that much of 
Western society is yet so feebly influenced 
by it. 

In spite of these and other obstacles, there Encourage- 
have been many signal successes won by faith ments 
in the living God. But before mentioning 
these, it is well to bear in mind the political 
situation that has, in the providence of God, 
been a solid aid to the modern entrance of the 
Christian religion. I refer to the fact that 
Japan was opened without war. Let it be Country 
emphasized that, until the war with Russia, without War 
Japan was the only one of the groat non- 
Christian nations that had not been compelled 



104 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

to fight with some Christian power. The 
bombardment of Kagoshima by the English, 
and the punishment of Shimonoseki, by the 
allied fleet, for firing on foreign vessels did not 
cause deep wounds. The respect shown by 
the Ministers of the United States and Great 
Britain for the rights of Japan has resulted in 
exceptional good-will toward these countries, 
and it is from these two nations that by far the 
larger number of missionaries come. So here 
in Japan there never has been any " Mission- 
ary question " troubling the Government, and 
exciting the people to acts of violence against 
Christian workers, and this is something for 
which we should be profoundly thankful. 
Now we come to the beginning of mission- 
Noble ary work in Japan. The first missionaries 

Pioneers i aric | ec [ j n 1859, representing the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian, and the 
Dutch Keformed, followed by the Baptists in 
1860. These four w r ere the only American 
Missionary Societies represented for a period 
of ten years. The English Church Missionary 
Society sent its first missionaries in 1869 and 
the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 
in 1873. Among the pioneer missionaries were 
some who accomplished a wonderful work. 

Dr. J. C. J. C. Hepburn. M. D., LL. D., of the Pres- 

ep urn ^yterian Church, was just the type of man for 

a pioneer. His medical knowledge, together 



The Coming of Christianity 105 

with his gentle and. tactful manner, at once 
won for him a place in the appreciative hearts 
of the people. His medicines had large sales, 
and the cures that he wrought were greatly 
instrumental in removing the prejudice against 
Christianity. While working thus for the 
Japanese, he also did a most important work 
for the growing missionary body by publish- 
ing the first Japanese dictionary, a labor in- 
volving seven years of toil. 

Dr. S. R. Brown of the Dutch Reformed Dr. s. R 
Church powerfully influenced a number of Brown 
young men through his school in Yokohama, 
the first English school in Japan. Among his 
pupils are some of the ablest Christian min- 
isters and some of the prominent officials of 
the Empire. 

Dr. G. F. Yerbeck of the same mission will Dr. G. P. 
never be forgotten in Japan. His exception- 
ally wide range of knowledge and his rare 
ability to impart it gained him a high place as 
instructor in the beginnings of what is now the 
Imperial University. He was the trusted ad- 
viser of some of the highest officials who have 
done so much to make ISTew Japan. He is the 
only foreign missionary to whom the Emperor 
has given a decoration, an honour conferred on 
him for his valuable services as a teacher. 

Such meagre notices of these splendid mis- 
sionaries are wholly inadequate — even to indi- 



Verbeck 



106 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Significant cate the good they accomplished, not only di- 
Resuits rect iy ^y their scholarly abilities, but also by 
their unselfish and devoted lives. It was the 
influence of such men that led a high official to 
write to the Shogun : " Western foreigners of 
the present day differ widely from those of 
former times. They are much more enlight- 
ened and liberal." If we bear in mind that 
during this decade the Christian religion was 
still prohibited, and that the penalty was 
death to any Japanese who became an open 
believer, or aided a missionary in translating 
the Bible, we can see what a vast gain it was 
to have such men as Drs. Hepburn, Brown and 
Yerbeck recognized and their services sought 
by those in authority. Even as late as 1871, 
Mr. 0. H. Gulick's teacher, Ichikawa, was im- 

Great prisoned and rigorously punished till he died, 
Difficulties f 4.1. n i / tut i a t 1 

because the Gospels of Mark and John were 

found in his house. His wife also was impris- 
oned seventeen months because she had not in- 
formed on her husband ! Only six converts 
were baptized in the first ten years, but the 
foundations were laid for brilliant successes 
that were afterward to call forth thanksgiv- 
ings from the Church of Christ on earth. 

The work accomplished in the first decade 
seems all the more wonderful when we recall 
that it was the time of the American civil war. 
Dr. Verbeck indeed, Avas " a man without a 



The Coming of Christianity 107 

country," the only one I ever knew of that [„ Anxious 
kind ; but he meant to become a citizen of the Times 
United States and his heart was with America 
in its great tribulation. All the missionaries 
laboured in sorrow not knowing when they 
might hear of the ruin of the great Kepublic, 
and the possible ending of their mission work. 
But God saved America and made surer still 
the foundations laid by the missionaries in 
Japan. 

Perhaps among the successes of the next 
decade the highest place should be given to the 
translation of the New Testament. No mission 
work is on a safe basis until the Holy Scrip- 
tures have been translated in the vernacular in 
a style that will command the respect of the 
reading classes. It is revealing no secret to First 
say that the first attempts of individuals at 1™^°* 
translation were wretched failures. A good 
translation of the Scriptures is one of the 
hardest tasks to which a missionary can apply 
himself. It was twelve years before the first 
Gospel was published. Then a committee of 
three, Drs. Hepburn, Brown and Greene, were 
appointed to translate the New Testament. 
Although they were aided by skillful Japanese 
scholars, it was nine years before the work 
was completed. The Old Testament was di- 
vided among a larger committee, but the iinal 
revision was committed to Drs. Hepburn, Ver- 



108 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

beck and Fyson, and ten years more were 

spent on this great work. It was, therefore, 

Twenty-nine twenty-nine years (1888) when the glad an- 

Year Task ♦ i / i ?• < 

nouncement was made to a large audience or 

missionaries in Tokyo, that a complete transla- 
tion of the Bible had been accomplished. 
Speaking on that memorable occasion Dr. 
Hepburn, chairman of the committee, who had 
devoted sixteen years of his life to this work, 
said, with deep emotion : " What more pre- 
cious gift, more precious than mountains of 
gold or of silver, could the Christian peoples of 
the West give to this nation ? May this 
sacred book become to the Japanese what it 
has come to be for the peoples of the West, a 
source of life, a messenger of joy and peace, 
the foundation of a true civilization and of 
social and political prosperity and greatness. 

It is not claimed that the translation is per- 
fect, but it has been in circulation for sixteen 
years with ever-increasing acceptance, and 
has been kindly praised by non-Christian na- 
tive scholars as a model of style. It is antici- 
pating a little, but it is a sign of the value that 
the Christians attach to this Bible that in 1898 
they presented a richly-bound copy costing 
about $150 to the Emperor, through the 
hands of Count Okuma, then Premier. 

An epoch-making event, not accomplished 
by missionaries, but none the less a prepara- 



The Coming of Christianity 109 

tion for Christianity, was the unexpected Edict for 
adoption by the Government of Sunday as the observance 
official rest-day. It happened on this wise. 
The Government employed a goodly number 
of foreigners in education and other de- 
partments, many of whom refused to work on 
Sundays. The foreign legations and consu- 
lates were closed on that day. Now the usual 
rest-days in Old Japan were only two a month, 
the first and the fifteenth. And it is said that 
Prince Iwakura, disliking to -introduce any 
Christian custom, and yet hoping to please the 
foreigners, issued a generous edict announcing 
six government holidays a month. But the 
foreign employees, many of whom were earnest 
Christians, would not give up their Sundays, 
so that in some months these official rest-days, 
added to the Sundays, made as many as ten 
days when foreigners were absent from their 
posts. Threats to dismiss the offenders 
brought no change ; and after two years of 
this confusion, the Government decided to 
conform to the custom of the West, and in 
March, 1870, boldly issued this edict: " It is 
hereby notified that up to the present time 
the first and sixth days have been observed 
in the Government offices as the days of rest. 
I Jut hereafter all Government offices will be 
closed on Sundays." 

It is hard to estimate the value this edict 



no Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Value to has been to the Christians of Japan. Before 
ChrEns ** was issued - * fc was impossible for the growing 
Christian community to attend Church with 
any regularity. While the majority of the 
people take little note of the day, it is known 
as the Christian's day for preaching and wor- 
ship. Even Buddhist schools close on Sun- 
days, and the priests, too, use this day for 
special preaching. The merchants have no 
rest-days at all, and the farmers still cling to 
their local days of rest, but with the spread of 
Christianity, Sunday will be to Japan the 
blessing that it has been to other nations. 



Questions for Study 

Aim.— To estimate the hindrances and helps to the en- 
trance of Christianity. 

i. What was there in the work of early Roman Cath- 
olic missions that was a blessing to Japan ? 

2. What was there that was harmful ? 

3. What results have been a help to the present work 

of Protestant missions ? 

4. What results have been a hindrance ? 

5. What do you consider on the whole to have been 

the greatest hindrance to Protestant missions in 
Japan? Why? 

6. What would you select as the second greatest 

hindrance, and why ? 

7. Name three other important hindrances and be pre- 

pared to defend in the class your reasons for 
selecting them. 



The Coming of Christianity 1 1 1 

8. Can you suggest any ways by which these hin- 

drances might be removed ? 

9. What do you consider the principal help that Japa- 

nese missions have enjoyed as opposed to most 
missions in other countries ? 

10. What the second most important help, and why ? 

11. Name other special helps and show their impor- 

tance. 

12. What was the greatest hindrance in the first decade 

of mission work? 

13. Name other important hindrances. 

14. What was the greatest help in this decade? 

1 5. Sum up the results of the decade. 

16. What hindrances were removed during the second 

decade ? 

17. Was the great popularity for a time of all things 

foreign on the whole a hindrance or a help to 
missions ? 

18. What other things is it especially important for a 

missionary to study while learning the language ? 

19. Why was it so difficult to make a perfect translation 

of the Bible into Japanese even after the language 
had been mastered ? 

20. Ought progress in missionary work to become more 

rapid or more slow as time goes on ? Why ? 

21. Why is it that travellers in Japan sometimes bring 

home such unfavourable accounts of mission work? 

22. Give all the reasons you can for the special value of 

earnest Christian laymen in non-Christian coun- 
tries. 

References : 

Cary : Japan and its Regeneration, chs. V, VI, IX. 

Peery : Gist of Japan, chs. VIII-X, XIV. 

Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, chs. 

II. IV. 



112 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Griffis : The Mikado's Empire, bk. I, ch. XXV. 
Chamberlain : Things Japanese, article : Missions. 
Ritter : History of Protestant Missions in Japan, ist 

and 2d divisions. 
Newton : Japan : Country, Court and People, pt. II, 

chs. IV, V; pt. Ill, chs. I, II. 
Griffis : Religions of Japan, chs. XI, XII. 

Verbeck of Japan. 

A Maker of the New Orient. 
Gordon : Thirty Eventful Years in Japan, chs. I— III. 
Murray : Japan, ch. XI. 

Subjects for Papers or Talks : 

1. Points to be observed by new missionaries. 

Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, 

ch. III. 
Cary : ch. X, sec. I. 

2. How Christianity attracts. 

Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, 

chs. IX, XVIII. 
Uchimura : Diary of a Japanese Convert, chs. 

II, IV. 
Hardy : Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy 

Neesima, ch. I. 

3. The relations of the United States with Japan. 

Newton : pt. Ill, chs. I, IV. 

Foster : American Diplomacy in the Orient, 

chs. V, VI, X. 
Griffis : America in the East, chs. XIII-XVI, 

XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVI. 



V 

FIVE FORMS OF MISSION WORK 

We have thus far noticed the high regard « ah Things 
which the first missionaries won from influen- are Read y" 
tial Japanese, the scholarly victory these 
Christian pioneers gained over the difficult 
language, and their successful translation of 
the Bible. Moreover, the significant change 
in public opinion, and the adoption of Sunday 
as the Government rest-day, have made it 
possible to begin open and organized evangeli- 
zation. In the glad words of the parable we 
can gratefully say, "All things are ready." 
God Himself had prepared Japan for friendly 
intercourse with Western nations and for the 
reception of the glad tidings of salvation 
through Christ. 

Modern missions everywhere — and Japan is 
no exception — can be best understood by con- 
sidering the five great divisions through which 
the work is carried on, Evangelistic, Educa- 
tion;! I, Medical, and Literary Philanthropic. 
These are the five lingers of the great hand 
that shapes modern missions. 
"3 



1 14 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 



/. — Eva ngel 1st ic Wo rk. 
First The first Christian Church in Japan was 
ChurciHa organized with eleven members by the Eev. 
Japan James Ballagh in Yokohama, March 10, 1872. 
It was born in prayer. That in its member- 
ship there were nine students is indicative of the 
prominent part students have had in building 
up the Protestant Churches of Japan. The 
first article of their creed showed a posi- 
tive purpose to keep the Church as free as 
possible from the sectarianism of the "West : 
"Our Church does not belong to any sect 
whatever ; it believes in the name of Christ in 
whom all are one; it believes that all who 
take the Bible as their guide and diligently 
study it are the servants of Christ and our 
brethren. For this reason all believers on 
earth belong to the family of Christ in the 
bonds of brotherly love." 

The next churches were formed in Kobe and 
Rapid Growth Osaka in 1874, in connection with the mission- 
aries of the Congregational Church. The for- 
mer consisted of seven men and four women, 
while the latter had only seven men. There 
is no more hopeful, enthusiastic missionary 
literature in existence than the letters written 
at that time by Messrs. Greene, Davis, Gordon, 
and others : " There are a dozen young men 
eager to preach the Gospel anywhere. All 
this region is open to the Truth, so that our 



Five Forms of Mission Work 115 

helpers can go anywhere among the millions 
of people and find willing listeners." " The 
work is pressing on us in every direction. We 
are expecting any morning to awake and find 
all Japan open to us, and wanting to come 
to us ! " 

These first Christians had very much the Christians of 
same spirit as those whose doings are recorded £p° stohc 
in the Acts. They felt themselves to be called 
to be witnesses for the Christ on whose cross 
their race, until recently, had trampled in con- 
tempt. In their enthusiasm they went here 
and there preaching to audiences large and 
small. They wanted no money from mission- 
aries, being animated by the spirit of self-sup- 
port and aggressive evangelism. 

It is impossible in this little book even to yearly 
mention the many bands of Christians that Pentecosts 
soon began to be formed in all the great coast 
cities of Japan. In the second decade, the 
number of believers increased so rapidly that 
in one year, 1879, 1,084 new members were 
added, making a total membership of 2,701 
adults. After that, a fifty per cent, annual 
increase was not at all uncommon, and in some 
years as many as 5,000 were received into the 
churches. The gain during the third decade, 
1879-1889, was 28,480, over ten times the en- 
tire number previously gained. 

The growth in the fourth decade was not 



n6 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Present nearly so rapid, owing to causes that will be 
Numbers ment i one( j i a ter ; yet the new century opened 
with a total of 42,451 Protestant Christians, 
538 churches, of which about 100 are self- 
supporting, and 348 groups of Christians not 
yet organized into churches. The contribu- 
tions of these believers for the first year of 
the new century were 102,229 yen. The latest 
statistics show that there are now 50,512 
Christians, who raised in 1902, 120,330 yen, 
and whose church property is valued at 495,- 
655 yen, a large proportion of which was 
raised by the native Christians. 
Their A most significant fact and one that serves 
Generosity to in us t ra te the healthy and vigorous growth 
of the Christians is that there are two wholly 
independent mission boards of the Congrega- 
tional and Presbyterian Churches, which raise 
about 12,000 yen a year and support their own 
missionaries, some fifteen, at present. Self- 
support is a burning question in all mission 
fields, and one cannot understand the work 
without knowing something of its practical 
workings. This question early engaged the 
attention of the Christians, and the first to 
practice it was the Eev. Paul Sawayama, 
whose brief life is well told in a little book 
A Modern called, " A Modern Paul in Japan." He was 
PauI the first Japanese to be ordained in Japan (Dr. 
Neesima was ordained in the United States), 



Five Forms of Mission Work 1 1 7 

and he was the first to proclaim the necessity 
of self-support. It must have taken immense 
courage and exalted faith to attempt such a 
thing with only eleven members, all of whom 
were poor, save in their faith and in their love 
for their pastor. The Kev. H. H. Leavitt was 
his inspiring adviser and no other missionary 
in Japan thought the plan could succeed, but 
here is the surprising result as recorded in Mr. 
Sawayama's biography : " The Naniwa 
Church grew very rapidly. At the end of 
five years it had increased its annual contri- 
butions from $70 to $700. It had started 
another independent church in Osaka, and had 
made a beginning in nine other places. It 
had also established a Christian girls' school 
in the city." 

This magnificent beginning of self-support Sacr j fJce 
sent a thrill of surprise and delight through- for sake of 
out the little churches of Japan. The attend- e " suppor 
ant arduous labours undoubtedly shortened Mr. 
Sawayama's life, but he worked believing that 
he ought to sacrifice everything for the sake 
of this principle. I know of two other evan- 
gelists who deliberately cut themselves off 
from foreign money, well knowing that their 
little bands could not possibly give them suffi- 
cient support. They preferred to suffer ex- 
treme poverty in order to plant the spirit of 
self-support and self-respect deep in the hearts 



1 18 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

of their followers ; and their heroic determi- 
nation cost them their lives. This self-sacrific- 
ing spirit of thousands of Christians is one of 
the surest proofs that the spirit of Christ is 
present with power in the rapidly growing 
church of Japan. 

Growth of Some of these independent churches have a 
Japanese . *■ 

Leadership membership of over 500, and report annual 

contributions as high as 2,^88 yen. In some 
of their pulpits no missionary is seen from one 
end of the year to the other. Some of the 
pastors' sermons are regularly published, and 
for stirring thought, deep sincerity, and living 
faith in God and Christ, they compare favour- 
ably with the best that are heard in city 
churches of Christian lands. It is this intel- 
lectual ability combined with loyalty to Christ 
on the part of the preachers, and the spirit of 
grateful giving on the part of the members 
that lead many missionaries to say : " Were 
the whole missionary force permanently with- 
drawn from Japan the good work would go 
on, and Japan would become a Christian na- 
tion." "Were this to happen, however, the 
progress would not be so rapid. 

II — Educational Work. 

Every large mission plans to open schools 
for boys and girls just as soon as possible, in 
order to train adequately equipped ministers 



WWi**" ^* f*p-:.-:r-'^-- 


• J^:«wW; J3L»> 




m flkv Jm> 


Hi 








EV WCKUSTir. EDUCATIONAL, 

EVANGELISTIC BAND, IMI.! DING 

PRESBYTERIANS. AND COI 

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE. THE 

STAFF I »F ST 



AM) MEDICAL WORK 
METHODISTS, 
GRKUATIONALI8TS 
DOSHISHA, KYOTO 
J'KI'.'S HOSPITAL, TOKYi 



Five Forms of Mission Work 119 

and teachers. But before dealing with these Two Pioneer 
Christian schools, I desire to call especial atten- Teachers 
tion to the work of two Christian teachers 
in Government employ, far away from mis- 
sionary centres. These are Capt. L. L. Janes 
in the southern island, and Pres. W. S. Clark 
in the northern island. Since it was my good 
fortune to know both men and to hear from 
their own lips their unique experiences, I am 
all the more glad to record what they accom- 
plished in the extremes of the Empire. 

In 1872 Captain Janes, formerly an in- 5? n . d ° f 
. TtT l _, . ' . ' ? . , Christian 

structor in West romt, was employed to found students 

a school in Kumamoto. He was an able 

teacher and an earnest Christian, inspired 

with the one aim of securing the highest 

welfare of his pupils and of extending the 

Kingdom of God. Every Saturday night he 

read the Bible with a band of students, who 

came to study English and also to "find 

holes" in the Christian teaching. But the 

Gospel finally found its way into their hearts, 

and one after another confessed his faith in 

the risen Lord, so that in three years there 

was a band of thirty believers. 

The island of Kyushu was of all places in 

Japan the most turbulent over the coming of 

foreigners and the inhabitants were strongly 

dissatisfied with the new Government. There 

were excited Samurai who longed for a chance 



i2o Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 



tv 



Deadly Plot to cut off Captain Janes's head, and they 
showed their disposition by spitting at him on 
the streets. When it became apparent that 
some of the students had really become be- 
lievers of the hated religion, there was no 
mistaking the murderous purpose of the 
fanatical Samurai. A company was formed 
to kill all the converted boys on a certain 
night, but the plot was discovered just at 
dusk. With blanched faces the youth went 
to the captain's house crying, " We're all to 
be killed to-night ! " " Very well," cheerfully 
replied the captain. " Then you'll all be in 
Heaven to-night, and I'll be there with you ! 
Get your swords, and I'll take my revolvers." 
The director of the school was sent for and 
sternly asked why he permitted the plot. 
The culprit denied his guilt but the captain 
decisively said : " I know it all, and you're at 
the bottom of it. If a single hair of these 
boys' heads is injured, off comes your head 
first of all." 

This effectually prevented the intended 
Sequel slaughter of the young men who did not, 
however, escape bitter persecutions. Together 
they dedicated themselves to God on a hill 
overlooking the castle, and from that con- 
secrated band came one of the most powerful 
Christian movements Japan has yet known. 
Alas, some of that gallant group lost their 



Five Forms of Mission Work 121 

faith completely, and Captain Janes him- 
self, in later years, fell away and tried to 
undermine the faith of those whom he had so 
inspired. Other members of the band gained 
high positions in Government service, and 
some are pastors of influential churches, and 
men of power, known and honoured abroad 
as well as at home. 

President Clark did his work in Sapporo in A Teacher 
1876. When General Kuroda, Yice-Governor of Ethks 
of Hokkaido, escorted Dr. Clark to Sapporo 
to found the Agricultural College, the question 
arose as to the best method of teaching morals 
to the students. Dr. Clark declared the Bible 
to be the best text-book, but the general 
strongly objected to the use of any Christian 
literature in the school. Dr. Clark then re- 
quested that some one else should be asked to 
teach morals, but the general, who had set 
his'heart on having Dr. Clark take this branch 
also, said, " You go ahead and do it in your 
own way." And so the Bible was at once put 
into the hands of the twenty-four students. 
President Clark was in Sapporo less than six 
months, but during that period he marvellously 
Bhaped the characters of his pupils. Mr. Bow- Abiding 
land says: "The model barn he built is of Fruitage 
wood and will decay, but the characters he 
helped to form are a part of the enduring 
treasures of Japan. The thirteen of the first 



122 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

class all received baptism, and nearly all of the 
second class became Christians." 
•into All the This spiritual movement, so powerfully 
Wor,d " begun, has been an abiding force in this 
Government College ever since. " The gradu- 
ates have gone out into all the earth and their 
works do follow them. Over a score of them 
have taken degrees in American and European 
Universities. They are almost without ex- 
ception men of high ideals and of noble per- 
sonal character." Dr. Mtobe is a man well 
known in the United States for his valuable 
English books, "The United States and 
Japan," and his "Bushido, or, The Moral 
Principles of the Samurai." The present 
president of the institution, Dr. Sato, is a 
pillar of the Methodist Church, and often ap- 
pears on the platform. Of these graduates, 
Mr. K. Uchimura is perhaps the best known in 
the United States by his fascinating book, 
" How I Became a Christian ; " and were he to 
write another on, " How I Continued a Chris- 
tian," it would tell of hardships and victories 
for Christ of an unusual order and of rare 
interest. 

It is a wonderful providence that led these 
Providence two Christian teachers from America to these 
Movements two ends of Japan to begin a work, the influ- 
ences of which have been felt for good every 
year since in the cause of Christ in Japan. 



Five Forms of Mission Work 123 

The students of these schools are filled with 
the spirit of independence to such a degree 
that they dislike the use of foreign money in 
propagating Christianity, Though some of 
them have lost their deep interest in Chris- 
tian work, there are others whose names are 
known all over the land as unwavering be- 
lievers in Christ. 

We now come to the distinctively Christian The Doshisha 
schools of which there are several of almost 
international reputation. Since in this little 
book there is no space for the story of more 
than one, I select the one that was first per- 
mitted to exist outside the open ports, the 
Doshisha. A brief sketch of the difficulties 
that were overcome will show what it costs in 
patience and tact to lay foundations for Chris- 
tian education in Japan. 

In the first place, there is need for men of p rov idence in 
unwavering faith, who know how to organize Neesima's 
and use other men, and who believe them- raimng 
selves to have been called of God to that 
work. Certain it is that God raised up ISTees- 
ima, the first Japanese who, at the peril of 
his life, secretly left Japan in 18G4 that he 
might go to some Christian country and learn 
about the Maker of heaven and earth. In the 
providence of God, he landed in Boston and 
was educated by the Hon. Alpheus Hardy, a 
Christian merchant. He studied in Amherst 



124 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

and Andover, and after nine years, when 
Prince Iwakura and his embassy went around 
the world, young Neesima was asked to join 
the distinguished party in going through 
Europe. In this way, he became intimate 
with the most eminent Japanese statesmen of 
his day, and they liked him in spite of their 
aversion to his new religion, and tried hard to 
get him to enter the Government service, 
where he might have had a high position. 
But his heart was set on having a Christian 
college in his native land, and no offer of rank, 
and no bitter opposition could turn him from 
his purpose. 

Here then was the man that God provided. 
_ Initial When he reached Japan with $5,000 with 
which to begin the school, the official classes 
almost to a man opposed his plan, and the 
Buddhists were fiercely set against him. His 
foreign money to them meant foreign control, 
that is, the property and direction of the 
school would be in the hands of the mission- 
aries, and to this no governor in Japan would 
consent. Neesima could establish his school 
outside of foreign ports only on condition that 
the whole property was legally his, and no 
missionary could teach in such a school except 
as an employee of Mr. Neesima at a fixed sal- 
ary paid by him. The school must belong 
wholly to Japanese and no foreigner could 



Five Forms of Mission Work 125 

own a foot of the soil or a tile on the roofs of 
the buildings. Even the missionary dwell- 
ings, though built entirely with foreign 
money, were under the same restrictions. 
Not a door nor a window of them could be 
owned by a foreigner. This created a tre- 
mendous difficulty. Not only large property 
contributed by the Christians of the United 
States, but the missionaries also were to be 
under the supervision of the Japanese, who 
themselves received all their money through 
these missionaries. Some thought that the 
American Board would not sanction such a 
passing over of control to Japanese ; for, 
should Neesima die, there was no legal process 
by Avhich the property could be held to its 
original purpose. It would belong to JSTees- 
ima's heir. But the American Board hap- 
pened to have the Rev. J. D. Davis on the 
ground. lie, like Neesima, had a firm belief 
in God's purpose to establish this school. His 
war record fitted him to overcome difficulties. 
He entered the Civil War as a private, rapidly One Purpose 
rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, marched 
through Georgia with Sherman and, in spite 
of all kinds of perils and severe wounds, in- 
sisted on living. After the war he gave him- 
self to Japan. Officials could not prevent his 
preaching the Gospel, and no Buddhist howls, 
or tli reals of assassination daunted him. Uo 



Two Men of 



126 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 



& v 



trusted God, lie trusted Neesiina, and they 
twain were of one purpose, which is the mean- 
ing of the word Doshisha. 

The school was opened in Kyoto in rented 
Prayerful buildings, November 29, 1875. There were 
pemng eight pupils and two teachers, ISTeesima and 
Davis. Dr. Davis wrote thus : " We began 
our school this morning with a prayer-meet- 
ing in which all the scholars took part. I 
shall never forget Mr. Neesima's tender, tear- 
ful, earnest prayer as we began school." 

There is a beautiful mountain, 2,700 feet 
A fountain high, called Hieizan, just east of Kyoto. 
When Neesima's school was started, a Bud- 
dhist priest of the city is said to have face- 
tiously remarked : " Might as well try to re- 
move Hieizan into Lake Biwa as to start a 
Jesus school in this city." Hieizan still stands, 
but those other mountains of difficulty that 
seemed so impossible to remove, have largely 
disappeared. Those who wish to read more 
about JSTeesima will find an excellent chapter 
in Gordon's " Thirty Eventful Years in Japan," 
and in the biographies of Neesima by Prof. 
A. S. Hardy and Dr. J. D. Davis. 

Friends in the United States contributed 
most generously for the construction of build- 
ings of brick and stone, and many prominent 
Japanese, including some of nobility, contrib- 
uted thousands of dollars in token of their ad- 



Five Forms of Mission Work 127 

miration of Neesima. But after Neesima's Another 
death, when the desire for absolute independ- S oJ v b e |j ra 
ence from all foreign connections became para- 
mount in the minds of the Japanese, the mis- 
sionaries awoke one morning to find that the 
Bible had been taken out of the collegiate de- 
partment, and that even the unchangeable con- 
stitution of the school had been altered without 
consulting the American donors. Probably 
nothing the native Christians have ever done 
has caused such a shock to the whole missionary 
body of Japan. It was widely felt that the 
Japanese Christians were both ungrateful and 
untrustworthy. Ultimately the Japanese who 
were in possession resigned and turned over the 
control to others who reestablished in the insti- 
tution those principles for which Dr. Neesima 
and the American donors made great sacrifices. 
The disputes have been finally settled, and all 
parties concerned are in thoroughly friendly 
relations. The troubles were occasioned by 
the over-sensitive feelings of the Japanese and 
their interpretation of their rights under the 
trust usages of Japan. 

A chapter might well be given to the dozen Ten T housaad 
Other Large boys 1 schools, and what their In Christian 
graduates have done for Japan, intellectually, 
morally and spiritually. There are eleven 
theological schools, with 1 1 ! students, seventy- 
eight day-schools, including kindergartens, 



128 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

with 6,203 pupils, so that, including the girls' 
schools, over 10,000 pupils are under Christian 
training. 

It is the glory of modern missions that the 
Extent of Christian women of the West are anxious that 
° Work t° their Eastern sisters should be preached the 
same helpful Gospel that has blessed them. 
The unmarried women missionaries outnum- 
ber the married men and their wives. And 
one immediate result is schools for girls. 
"Wherever these consecrated women go, these 
schools spring up. 
First Woman The first woman missionary on Japanese soil 
Missionary ^ Migg Maj ^ Kidder, now Mrs. E. R. Miller, 
of the Dutch Reformed Church, who arrived 
in 1869. The stories of her experiences in the 
days when the sight of an American woman 
produced as much excitement as Yan Am- 
burgh's circus, together with the magnificent 
treatment given to her by the high-class Japa- 
nese, are intensely interesting. She began a 
school with two girls. Soon another girl 
came of whom her father said : " She's a fool 
and will learn nothing." It turned out that 
the father was the fool, since he spent his 
earnings in drinking sake, while the girl be- 
came a teacher. The pupils rapidly increased, 
and the Governor of Yokohama became so in- 
terested in this wholly novel experiment that 
he provided Miss Kidder with a schoolhouse 



Five Forms of Mission Work 129 

and presented her with a closed carriage, say- 
ing : " The distance is too great for you to 
walk." 

But no missionary is satisfied with a day- 
school. Nothing- short of a boarding school Boarding 

to . School Begun 

will give the idea of a Christian home with its 

blessed privileges ; but it was not until 1875 
that the Ferris Seminary, on the bluff over- 
looking the new city below, with its beautiful 
harbour, was dedicated to Christ and opened 
for the daughters of Japan. 

The effects of Christian education on the Education 
girls are seen in the new ideal of home of which Jjjjjj 8 , ife 
hosts of encouraging examples could be given. 
Here is one of which Miss Kidder tells : One 
of her girls from a poor Samurai family was 
asked by her father to become the wife of a 
high official who had once seen her at the 
school. Her father thought that she would 
eagerly agree, but she was silent. When 
pressed for a reply, she begged to be excused 
as she would have to give up her Christian 
faith. The family urged her to accept the 
proposal, since the marriage would better the 
condition of the whole family, and she could 
secretly be a Christian as before. Now it is 
one of the hardest things in the world for a 
Japanese daughter to thwart her father's 
wishes, but this girl did it. It is utterly im- 
possible for the thousands of girls who have 



130 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

felt the influence of these Christian teachers 
not to have a vastly higher ideal of the home 
than they had before. It may not be wholly 
due to these schools, but the Western family 
idea has so impressed even the law-makers 
that the word concubine does not once appear 
in the new Family Law. 
G ' rlS ' S w-d°i S Schools for girls were a surprise to the peo- 
Scattered pie here, but these are now found in nearly all 
the great cities, and often in interior towns. 
One of these schools has had over a thousand 
pupils on its rolls. To be sure, " Many girls 
remain but a short time, not long enough to 
learn much of Christian truth, or to have their 
characters largely moulded by their school 
life. Yet even these girls often gain more 
than we realize. There are vast results which 
we can never see." 

The influence of these schools on the Gov- 
Government ernment girls' schools is a point that deserves 
fo^Women permanent record. I heard a high official say 
not long since, at the celebration of the tenth 
anniversary of the Baptist Girls' School in 
Sendai : " You missionary ladies have done a 
vastly greater work for Japan than you ever 
dreamed of. Our Government had no hope of 
success in establishing girls' schools until we 
were inspired by your successes. You have 
been to us as timely reenforcements to a dis- 
couraged army, and without your example 



Five Forms of Mission Work 131 

there would now be no growing system of 
higher female education." The last " Annual 
Eeport of the Department of Education " has 
these significant words : " The education of 
girls is a problem for the solution of which 
earnest labour is still required. There is only 
one girl in the higher courses to seven boys." 

It will thus be seen that the forty-four 
boarding-schools for girls with their 3,616 Woman's 
pupils are none too many. This work is as ^ christian 
valuable as anything that the Christians of the Product 
West can do for this receptive nation. There 
is a great university for girls in Tokyo, where 
over a thousand pupils from all parts of the 
Empire are studying. President Karuse never 
would have thought of building that univer- 
sity but for the Christian faith in which he 
was educated. 

HI.— Medical Work. 

Medical work is by common consent the 
most helpful and successful method of show- important as 
ing the Christian spirit of love. You can get 
at a man's heart often by curing him of the 
disease of his body. Dr. Eepburn was the 
first in Japan to do tins, and his fame as a 
physician did much l<> break down opposition 
and prejudice. Or. J. C. Berry also demon- 
strated that the physician could go where the 
minister could not, ami, by means of his tour- 



Pioneer 
Agency 



132 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

ing, openings were made in several towns 
where churches soon sprang up. He won the 
confidence of officials who permitted him to 
inspect the sanitary condition of prisons. His 
suggestions with regard to the health of the 
prisoners, and their more humane treatment 
were widely distributed among prison au- 
thorities for their instruction. Later on, in 
1887, he opened a training school for nurses 
and a hospital in connection with the Doshisha 
in Kyoto and did splendid work in these and 
other directions. 

Other medical men too have done good and 

Still needed as abiding work, but as Dr. Taylor aptly says : 
Philanthropy ., T ? „' . ,. i- 1 , . 1 

" In view of the evolutions which have taken 

place in this country since the commencement 
of missionary work, the conclusion must be 
arrived at that medical missionary work, as an 
auxiliary of general missionary effort, no 
longer occupies the important position it once 
did, but has gradually assumed the position 
that benevolent and charitable work does in 
Europe and America." The Government 
hospitals in every province, the numerous in- 
stitutions for healing carried on by Japanese 
who have graduated from medical schools in 
Japan and in the West, and the growing 
number of physicians and surgeons, make 
foreign medical work somewhat superfluous, 
except as benevolent work for the aid and 



A Christian 



Five Forms of Mission Work 133 

comfort of the poor. " When we consider," 
says Dr. Taylor, " that the regular medical 
charities of all Japan, as given by the 
Government and by private aid, hardly 
amount to $75,000 a year, 1 while for the 
United States $80,000,000 are thus spent, it is 
plain that the opportunity for medical chari- 
ties here is wide and large, and it would serve 
both to develop Christian sympathy and to be 
a stimulus to the Government and the people 
to provide in some adequate measure for the 
poor and unfortunate." 

Dr. W. N. Whitney is an authority who has 
a right to be heard on this question. After Hospital 
completing his medical studies he was ap- 
pointed from Washington as interpreter of the 
United States Legation in Tokyo. Being an 
earnest Christian he started a little hospital, 
hoping thereby to reach some of the poor with 
the Glad Tidings. As the work grew he felt 
more and more the call to give himself wholly 
to it. So he resigned his comfortable position, 
enlarged his hospital, became an independent 
medical missionary and enlisted for his work 
the sympathy of many friends in Japan 
and abroad. His cordial manners and his 
enthusiastic faith made it easy for him to 
secure the cooperation of Japanese Christian 

'In 1900, ;i Japanese gave 100,000 yen for a charity hos- 
pital. 



134 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Japanese physicians in his gracious ministrations. 

Physicians Well-to-do patients gladly go to his hospital 
and help to support it. During the sixteen 
years since the establishment of the institu- 
tion from 15,000 to 20,000 people have come 
under Christian influences, and scores have 
been converted. Many Japanese Christian 
physicians have been infected with this spirit 
of loving sacrifice and strive earnestly to bring 
patients to a knowledge of Christ. While 
writing this chapter, I accidentally heard of 
one of these unobtrusive workers, Dr. Takata 
of Tokyo, over whose desk hang, in large 
type, the words, " God is Love ; " and every 
Sunday he has a Christian service in his hos- 
pital for nurses and patients. 

The statistics of the Protestant Churches 

Christlike show fourteen hospitals and dispensaries, and 
Contagious tne tota ^ °f patients has sometimes been as 
high as 29,000 in a year. The Eoman Catho- 
lics are also doing a good work in this line with 
their seventeen dispensaries. These figures 
only hint at the great value medical missions 
have been to Japan, and especially to many 
Japanese physicians who have caught thereby 
the spirit of Him who " went about doing 
good." 



Five Forms of Mission Work 135 
Questions for Study 

Aim. — To estimate what evangelistic, educational and 
medical missionary work has done for Japan. 

1. How do you think it happened that such a large 

proportion of the first church in Japan were 
students ? 

2. What motives do you think induced these men to 

put themselves under Christian influences ? 

3. What practical advantages are there in having a 

native church adopt such a creed instead of that 
of the missionaries under whom they were con- 
verted ? 

4. To what do you attribute the earnest spirit of the first 

Japanese churches ? Give several reasons. 

5. What are the arguments for and against self-support 

by the native Church ? 

6. If you could have foreseen the future, would you 

have advised Mr. Sawayama and the two other 
evangelists to act as they did ? 

7. What advantages has a native over a foreigner in 

preaching the Gospel to his people ? 

8. Which missionary has exerted the strongest Chris- 

tian influence in Japan, the evangelistic or the 
educational missionary ? Give five reasons for 
whichever view you adopt. 

9. What arc the dangers of either form of work apart 

from the other ? 

10. Which one missionary worker seems to you to have 

done on the whole the greatest work for Japan? 
Give reasons. 

1 1. Which were most needed in Japan, schools for boys 

or girls ? Give three reasons for whichever view 
you adopt. 

12. What arc the three greatest things which medical 

missions have done for Japan ? 



136 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

References : 

Cary : Japan and its Regeneration, ch. X. 

Peery : Gist of Japan, chs. XI-XV. 

Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, chs. 

I-XV. 

Thirty Eventful Years in Japan, chs. III-XIV. 
Clement : Handbook of Modern Japan, ch. XIX. 
Hardy : Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy Neesima. 
Davis : A Maker of New Japan. 
Ritter : History of Protestant Missions in Japan. 

(Much of value scattered through.) 
Uchimura : Diary of a Japanese Convert, chs. I-V. 
Griffis : Verbeck of Japan. 

A Maker of the New Orient. 
Ecumenical Conference Report, chs. XXVII-XXXI. 

Subjects for Papers or Talks : 

1. The work of Neesima. 

The life by Davis gives a much more compact 
account than that by Hardy. 

2. The Kumamoto Band. 

Davis : A Maker of New Japan, ch. IV. 
Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, 
ch. V. 

3. Evangelistic work in Japan. 

Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, 

chs. VI, VII. 
Cary : Japan and its Regeneration, ch. X. 
Peery : Gist of Japan, ch. XIII. 



VI 

FORMS OF MISSION WORK (Continued) 

I V. — Philanthropy. 

One can only marvel at the great change Japanese 
that has recently come over all Japan in its Philanthropy 

,. ! , • t ! ,s Modern 

care for orphans, lor the poor, the sick, the 

depraved and fallen. Fifty years ago, if a 
famine occurred in one province, the starving 
ones would receive no help from other prov- 
inces. Even Buddhists, with their beautiful 
teaching of the duty of mercy would offer no' 
help. But when, in 1902, the rice crop largely 
failed in three Northern provinces, and 150,- 
000 people were brought into extreme poverty, 
thousands being forced to live entirely on such 
leaves and roots as the forests afforded, Bishop 
Berlioz, a Catholic missionary, published an 
account of the sufferings and peril of these 
people, and at once foreigners contributed 
about 25,000 yen. Then Japanese in distant 
parts of the Empire began to give. The Em- 
peror's contribution was 22,000 yen, and two 
millionaires each gave 10,000 yen. News- 
papers here and there opened their columns 
for reports of contributions. The .Japanese are 
*37 



138 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

very kind within certain rather narrow limits, 
but contact with the humanitarian sentiments 
of the West has already broadened their sym- 
pathies considerably, so that the Ked Cross 
Society in Japan has perhaps a larger mem- 
bership than in any other country in the world. 
One paragraph from Dr. J. H. Pettee's valu- 
Beoevolent able reports will give a vivid idea of what 

Work of Christians are doing along benevolent lines : 
Christians ° ° 

" They have thirty-one orphanages, four homes 

for discharged prisoners, three blind asylums, 
three leper hospitals, two homes for the aged, 
five schools for the Ainu, four free kinder- 
gartens, ten industrial schools, ten other 
schools for the poor, ten boarding houses for 
students, and fourteen hospitals. Or, in other 
words, the 200,000 Christians of Japan have in 
hand about one-fourth of all the regularly or- 
ganized benevolent institutions of the land." 
Of these institutions, the best known is the 
Okayama Okayama Orphanage, opened by Mr. J. Ishii 
Orphanage in lg87> Inspired by the example of George 

Mueller, who had visited Japan the preceding 
year, he began his work by adopting one boy. 
A few months later he formally opened his 
asylum, renting for that purpose a commodious 
Buddhist temple. The institution grew rapidly 
in size and influence, and now cares for 236 
children, while as many more have graduated 
into society and are earning their own living. 



Forms of Mission Work 139 

There were six baptisms within the orphanage 
in 1902. The children are taught the value of 
labour, and a cash account is opened for each 
one, 122 having deposits in the savings bank 
amounting to 137.22 yen. 

The position to which the orphanage has 
attained in the respect of the people at large Respect it 
is seen by its list of 10,265 sustaining members, Has Won 
nearly all Japanese, who each contribute one 
yen a year. The largest gift from a Japanese 
is 1,854 yen. Why he made it this odd figure 
I cannot tell, unless it was because of his de- 
sire to commemorate the date of Commodore 
Perry's treaty with Japan. The largest gift 
($5,000) came from an American. Perhaps 
the best proof that this work stands unique 
among the benevolent institutions under Chris- 
tian supervision was the conferring on Mr. 
Ishii of " The Blue Kibbon " by the Emperor. 
In this public manner, His Majesty recognized 
his fifteen years of self-sacrificing service in 
behalf of homeless children. Another reason 
why this orphanage is so favourably known 
all over the land is that the little fellows have 
a stereopticon, with views of themselves at orphans 
work, at play, at worship, in school, and asleep at Work 
four to a bed. They have also a musical 
band which gives concerts and lantern lectures 
far and wide. In 1902* the receipts from these 
entertainments amounted to L4,392 yen. 



140 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

In Tokyo is the well-known Home for Dis- 
Homefor charged Prisoners, founded by Mr. T. Hara. 
D p S< * a nSs Everybody knows how exceedingly difficult it 
is to reform discharged prisoners and turn 
them into useful members of the community. 
For seven years, Mr. Hara has been at work, 
and he testifies, that, out of over 500 who have 
been welcomed to the Home, four-fifths have 
been saved to honest lives, and many of the 
rescued have become Christians. So high a place 
has this work of reclaiming criminals gained for 
itself in the esteem of prominent people in the 
capital, that Count Okuma recently gave a 
" Chrysanthemum Party " on his magnificent 
lawn for the benefit of the Home, and over 
3,000 yen were raised among the guests. 

Here is an interesting story of one of the 
Burglar inmates. A man was arrested for burglary in 
Converted & christian school. One of the girls, whose 
room he entered and whose clothing he stole, 
not losing her presence of mind, gently asked 
him to take her New Testament also. He 
was permitted to keep the book in prison, and 
the result of his study was that he became 
a devoted Christian. On his discharge, he 
went to Mr. Hara's Home, and recommenced 
life as a carpenter. More than that, he led 
his former accomplice also to become a Chris- 
tian. In this connection it should be recorded 
that a large amount of Christian literature is 



Forms of Mission Work 141 

permitted in some of the prisons. I know of 
one in which the prisoners were permitted to 
buy from their slim earnings over 300 yen 
worth of Christian books in one year. 

The reformatory work of Mr. K. Tome- Mr. Tomeoka's 
oka, should next be considered. He prepared ^. a ™ ily . 
himself for his work by carefully studying the 
methods adopted by similar institutions in 
New England and ISTew York. On his return 
to Japan, his thorough knowledge of this per- 
plexing problem attracted the attention of the 
Government, and he was appointed to be the 
teacher of morals in the Sugamo Prison in 
Tokyo, which is Japan's model prison. The 
Buddhists, however, made a great outcry over 
the employment of a Christian Chaplain, and 
the Government removed Mr. Tomeoka, but 
gave him an even better position, that of In- 
structor in the School for Training Prison 
Officials. He has held this position for three 
years ; but his heart goes out toward the chil- 
dren who are in danger of becoming criminals, 
so that, iu addition to his heavy official duties, 
he has opened n reformatory which he calls 
'•'llir Family School," and in which there are 
thirteen wayward children. He has about 
three acres of hind and property worth about 
1.0,000 yen ; and, as opportunity offers, he in- 
tends to build homes, each large enough to 
hold fifteen children. 



142 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

These are but examples of what the Jap- 
anese Christians are doing. Who can estimate 
Buddhists the wide influence for good these works of 
Christians l° ve are exerting on all classes of society ? 
Already Buddhists are imitating the Chris- 
tians in every form of philanthropic work, 
and Baron Mitsui has given 100,000 yen for a 
charity hospital in Tokyo. 

V. — Literary Work. 

Thirty years ago, there was not a newspaper 
Thirty Year or magazine in all the Empire ; now there are 
Co s about a thousand publications and it would be 
hard to find a people more eager to read than 
the Japanese. Just as soon as evangelists 
go here and there preaching the Word and 
churches begin to be formed, there comes a 
great demand for tracts. The first tract was 
published secretly from wooden blocks, in 
1864, with Dr. Hepburn's aid, and had the 
Japanese printer been discovered cutting out 
these " Christian " blocks, he would have been 
promptly beheaded. Ten years later, Dr. 
Davis had immense difficulty in getting his 
brief tract, " The Short Way," put into collo- 
quial and cut onto blocks. Of that leaflet 
100,000 copies were distributed in ten years. 

As soon as the Japanese began to use the 
printing-press, the number of tracts rapidly 
increased, and now the list of these contains 





PHILANTHROPIC AND LITERARY WORK 

OKAYAMA ORPHANAGE, TOKYO COTTAGE 
METHODIST PI Bl [SHING SOUSE, GINZA, Tokyo 



Forms of Mission Work 143 

over 400 titles, with an annual circulation Numerous 
averaging about 500,000 copies. During the circulated 
Forward Movement, which celebrated the in- 
coming century, 37,602 copies of one tract 
were distributed, amounting to 2,306,528 
pages. And one native house sold, in 1902, 
21,832 copies of tracts and books, or 1,468,326 
pages of Christian literature. 

Something more substantial than tracts 
were found to be necessary, and books began Early 
to be issued. Some of the first of these were Christian 
translations from Chinese books, and thus the 
missionaries of China greatly aided the work 
in Japan. I remember one book that had an 
immense sale all through Japan, Dr. W. A. P. 
Martin's "Evidences of the Heavenly Way." 
The Chinese virtually rejected the book, but 
the Japanese warmly welcomed it, and it was 
the means of bringing thousands into sympathy 
with Western civilization and the Christian 
principles which are its foundation. 

Commentaries also are a necessity. Many commentaries 
a Japanese bas stumbled over the first chapter invaluable 
of Matthew with its genealogical table, and 
over the strange names of persons and places. 
Moreover, after one has become a Christian, 
he cannot study his Bible without helps, nor 
can the evangelist teach and preach without 
books of reference. Dr. I). W. Learned has 
done by far the largest part in this form 



i_|4 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

of work, and Lis fifteen volumes of commen- 
taries on the New Testament are invaluable 
other aids. Apologetics, Theology, Lives of Christ 
and of Paul, and translations of the lives of 
eminent Christians are becoming numerous. 
Books on Livingstone, General Gordon and 
others are having a great sale outside the 
Christian body, and are quietly influencing 
many to study " The Book " that helped to 
make these men great. Adjutant Yamamura, 
of the Salvation Army, published " The Com- 
mon People's Gospel," and in two and a half 
years 10,000 copies were sold. 

Among periodicals, one of the oldest and 
most popular is The Good Tidings, which, for 
over twenty years, has been edited by Mrs. E. 
R. Miller, the founder of Ferris Seminary. It 
is very hard to make a Christian paper pay, 
since the Christian constituency is so limited. 
But the Revs. M. Uemura, and H. Kozaki, 
and Mr. K. Uchimura, and others have done 
it, and done it well. Of course, almost every 
mission has its own paper, but these are mainly 
Christian supported with mission money. A valuable 
Periodicals ci ir { st j ail literature has been produced by ear- 
nest and gifted Japanese, and their books are 
selling even more largely than those written 
by missionaries. Moreover, some of the ablest 
writers in the secular press are Christians, and 
I have seen an occasional editorial in a daily 



Forms of Mission Work 145 

paper that would not be out of place if uttered Christian 
from an English or American pulpit. Not in- secufarPress 
frequently do these sincere words reach some 
hungry soul, who is thereby led to inquire into 
Christianity, and, perhaps, to yield himself to 
Christ. I know of one who saw an editorial 
on " The Use of Money," not for self but for 
others. The reader was a dissolute young 
man of a wealthy house, who spent his money 
in riotous living. Because of this article he 
became an inquirer with the result that he 
soon quit his evil ways, joined the church,' 
opened a preaching place in his village, in-' 
duced his Buddhist parents to welcome Chris-, 
tians workers, and for three years he has been* 
valiantly " keeping the faith." 

The names of Uchimura, Kozaki, TJemura, 
Miyagawa, Matsumura, Ebuka, Ebina, Tome- christian 
oka, Harada, Motoda, are not only those of i ap t J n J se 
able preachers, but also of men whose books 
speak to far wider audiences than their ser- 
mons. There are Christian professors in the 
various schools and even in the Imperial Uni- 
vi'isity whose writings are very helpful. 
Christian members of the Diet, too, have pub- 
lished some influential books; and, at last,' 
Christian novels are beginning to have real 
success, edition after edition being quickly sold. 1 

Besides these five comprehensive forms of 
labour, the following auxiliary forms deserve 



146 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

"Diversities especial mention: the Young Men's Christian 
Operations " Association, the Christian Endeavor Society, 
the Salvation Army, the Temperance Society, 
the Scripture Union, and the Bible Society. 

Young lien's Christian Association. 

The first Young Men's Christian Association 

hall was erected in Osaka in 1881. The mis- 

* Financial sionaries of the various denominations in Japan 
Beginnings felt the need of a pla(je in Tokyo [r which 

mass meetings could be held, and where inter- 
denominational work could be done. As it 
was useless to ask the different home boards to 
unite in this work, it was agreed to ask the 
Young Men's Christian Association of the 
United States and Great Britain to contribute 
each $1,500 for the purpose. Sir George 
Williams of London immediately sent $1,500 
as his own contribution, and Dr. Monroe, who 
happened to be passing through Osaka at that 
time, left a check for $1,200. Australian 
friends sent several hundreds of dollars, and 
thus a brick hall of 1,200 sittings was built 
near the centre of the city. Mr. J. T. Swift, 
the first secretary for Japan, at once placed 
the work among the important agencies for 
Christianizing the land. He secured a gift of 
$50,000 from one person, and in 1894 erected 
a commodious brick building for class and 
committee work, while, as a provision against 



Forms of Mission Work 147 

earthquakes, the audience hall is contiguous to 

the main building. 

If any one who knows Tokyo, is asked what 

is the most conspicuous Christian edifice in the 

city, there will be but one answer. It is not 

the Russian Cathedral that overlooks the city 

from Surugadai, nor any of the 125 places of 

worship, but it is the Young Men's Christian prominence 

Association. The late beloved American min- ° f X^ M ' c " A " 

Building 
ister, Col. A. E. Buck, once said : " There is 

perhaps no other building in Tokyo that stands 

more prominently before the general public as 

an index of organized Christianity than that 

of the Young Men's Christian Association," 

and Dr. Greene declares : " The Saturday 

and Sunday meetings are probably the most 

notable gatherings in the city." From this 

building issue streams of Christian influence 

that are felt for good not only in the capital, 

but in the most distant provinces. In the hall 

are heard lectures not only from prominent 

Christians, but from statesmen, business men, 

members of the nobility, and distinguished 

visitors from foreign lands. 

Nothing shows more plainly the firm hold Notable 

this centre of Christian work has on the public Wen as 

than the fact that the late Hon. K. Kataoka, 1 

•President Kataoka died Oetobei 31st, 1903 and Prof. K. 
Shimomura, an earnest Christian, has been elected his suc- 



148 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

President of the House of Representatives, 
was also President of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association, and among the fourteen di- 
rectors are professors, lawyers, physicians, and 
other men of large position and reputation. 
At their tenth anniversary, May 8, 1903, Count 
Okuma, ex-Premier, said : " I am happy to 
express the hope that young men will more 
and more take advantage of the opportunities 
for religious, social, intellectual, and physical 
improvement which your Association affords." 
Baron Maejima has given his testimony also. 

TeStalSc! " : firml y believe >" he said > " we must have re- 
ligion as the basis of our national and personal 

welfare. No matter how large an army or 
navy we may have, unless we have righteous- 
ness at the foundation of our national exist- 
ence we shall fall short of the highest success. 
I do not hesitate to say that we must rely upon 
religion for our highest welfare. And when I 
look about me to see what religion we may 
best rely upon, I am convinced that the relig- 
ion of Christ is the one most full of strength 
and promise for the nation and the individual. 
I congratulate your Association upon the good 
work it is doing." Baron Shibusawa has re- 
cently visited America, and though he is one 
of the leading financiers of Japan, he saw 
something more than money. He said : " I 
was much surprised and impressed by what I 



Forms of Mission Work 149 

saw of the work of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association in America, not only as a re- 
ligious but as a social factor in the community. 
I earnestly hope that the Associations in Japan 
will make such progress as will enable them to 
meet the great needs of our young men." 

There is now in each of the seven Govern- Encouraging 
ment Colleges a Young Men's Christian Asso- Facts 
ciation, and there are forty-five more in middle 
and high grade schools, which, together with 
the nine city associations, make a total mem- 
bership of 2,500. It was these associations 
that made possible the telling work of Mr. 
John R. Mott, by which a thousand inquirers 
were gained during his brief visit. 

Summer schools, winter schools, and spring „... 
schools have sprung up in different educa- Conferences 
tional centres. For a week or ten days, stu- 
dents gather for Bible study and for stimulat- 
ing lectures on religious subjects. Sometimes 
as many as two hundred thus take brief 
courses in the life of Christ, and go back to 
win their comrades to faith in their Lord. 

A unique phase of work which is having a Christian 
great success is that of providing English Teachers' 



teachers for middle and high schools. In 
L890 91, twelve American college graduates 
were thus called to Japan, several of whom 
taught many years or became missionaries. 
Recently twenty more have been employed, 



Agency 



150 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

two of whom have gone home to prepare for 
missionary work. These men not only make 
excellent teachers, but also by Bible classes 
in their homes, and by their truly moral lives, 
have influenced many to become Christians, 
and have been the means of the formation 
of three new associations in the interior. 
There are now five foreign and two Japanese 
secretaries. Money is being pledged in the 
United States for buildings to be erected in 
Nagasaki, Kyoto, Sendai, and other large 
cities, while the needed land will be bought 
with money contributed by Japanese. The 
sum needed to put these associations upon a 
solid basis is $200,000. 
Signs of Largely as the result of the appeals and 
Progress p ra y ers culminating in a special day of prayer, 
eighteen young men decided to engage in 
Christian work, one of whom was a student of 
the Imperial University. The fact that Mr. 
Takai is the first graduate of the university to 
enter Christian work, has not been without 
influence. 

Young People's Societies. 

In the summer of 1886, when most of the 
American Board missionaries were spending 
the hot months on the templed hills of Hieizan, 
one of the mothers said to Dr. Davis, the act- 
ing pastor of the camp, " Can't you have some 



Forms of Mission Work 151 

kind of class for the children as a stepping- First c. E. 
stone to church membership ? My older chil- Societ y 
dren are nine and seven, and while they are 
Christians I wish they could have some prep- 
aration for entering the Church." Dr. Davis 
replied that he had recently been reading of a 
Society of Christian Endeavor, and perhaps 
something of that kind would be a good thing 
for the missionary children. So he drew up a 
simple pledge somewhat similar to that of 
Junior Christian Endeavorers', and thus was 
formed the first Christian Endeavor Society 
in Japan, composed entirely of the children of 
the American Board Mission. Some of these 
Endeavorers are now missionaries and others 
are volunteers. 

The first real impetus given to the move- impetus of 

ment was occasioned by Dr. F. E. Clark's visit 2f- c, ?^ k .' s 
, , „ ... First Visit 

in 1.VJ2. In a year the number of societies in- 
creased to fifty-seven, but they decreased to 
less than half that number during the reaction 
that weakened so many churches. In at least 
one case, however, the Endeavorers saved a 
church which otherwise would have collapsed. 
Dr. Clark's second visit was on the rising 
tide, just when the Christians were planning 
to usher in the new century with an earnest 
advance in all forms of work. The eighth An- 
nual Convention was held in Kobe at that 
time, and the idea that this society represented 



152 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Growth in a world movement first dawned upon the as- 
Eight Years sem bly. Thereupon they elected their presi- 
dent, Eev. T. Harada, a delegate to the World's 
Christian Endeavor Convention in London. 
Since then the Christian Endeavor Society 
has become a prominent factor in the churches, 
ten denominations being represented. At the 
Eleventh Annual Meeting held in Kobe, April 
1-3, 1903, there were reported one hundred and 
fifteen societies, twenty-eight of which were 
formed during the last year, and twenty-eight 
Junior societies, and a total membership of 
over 2,300. Seventy societies, stretching from 
Hokkaido to Kyushu were represented at this 
meeting, and members from India and China 
were present. 

The work is most prosperous in Tokyo, 
Attempting where there are twenty societies. It is planned 
Great Things i Q p usn this organization all through the land, 
and for this purpose Japan is divided into 
twelve sections, each with a secretary. Six 
hundred copies of The Endeavor (monthly) 
are published, but one vigorous little Society 
in the North has its own jelly-pad Endeavor, 
containing twenty-four pages of illustrated, 
up-to-date articles. 

Although the Christian Endeavor Societies 
in Japan far outnumber the young people's 
organizations belonging to distinctive denomi- 
nations, yet mention should be made of the 



Forms of Mission Work 153 

Baptist Young People's Union and the Growth of 
Epworth League. The first chapter of the US? 1 
Ep worth League in Japan was organized at 
Nagasaki in 1891, and within two years had 
a membership of eighty young people. They 
unitedly entered upon aggressive Christian 
service, the young women conducting eleven 
mission Sunday-schools which had an average 
attendance of 600 children, and the young 
men preaching at two and sometimes three 
mission churches. In three years' time, there 
were four chapters of the Epworth League in 
Japan, and in 1896 the number had increased 
to eleven. In 1900 a central office was es- 
tablished in Tokyo, and an existing publication 
was made the official League paper. At the 
meeting of the Japan Methodist Conference 
in 1902, a resolution was adopted expressing 
a desire that the Epworth League and the 
Christian Endeavor Society might be united 
in closer sympathy and practical cooperation. 

The Temperance Movement. 

From the first the Christians set themselves Evils of Sake 
against the ruinous soJte drinking customs of Drinking 
the people. Society in those days was so con- 
structed that men had to drink whether they 
liked it or not, and wives had to serve the cup 
at feasts. To refuse to drink was regarded 
as an insult that sometimes cost a man dearly. 



Stand 



154 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

AYe may frankly acknowledge that a drunken 
Japanese is seldom seen on the streets, except 
in the very lowest quarters but, nevertheless, 
sake drinking, done mainly at night, is a 
fruitful source of poverty, crime, and im- 
morality. The temperance reformers are hav- 
A Courageous ing remarkable successes in educating public 
opinion upon this subject. I attended a feast 
given by teachers in honour of the present 
Minister of Education, Baron Kikuchi who 
w r hen the sake began to flow arose and said, 
that, as he did not drink sake, he would at 
once proceed to deliver his address. That 
brave remark aided many teachers that night 
to say, " No." 

The many local societies w T ere organized as 
Worthy " The National Temperance League of Japan," 
of which the Kev. K. Miyama is the earnest 
and efficient evangelist. The work is a great 
blessing to the churches. " Because of this 
movement hundreds have been brought into 
touch with Gospel truth, and even into the 
fold of the Christian Church, who, otherwise, 
in all human probability, would never have 
given Christianity favourable consideration." 
The Hon. T. Ando, President of the League, 
when consul in Hawaii was led by Mr. 
Miyama to give up sake, and then to become a 
Christian. He testifies that the temperance 
work in Hawaii saved the Japanese Immigra- 



Results 



Forms of Mission Work 155 

tion Company from collapse, and made it pos- 
sible to keep the valuable Japanese labourers 
in that field. The League has sixty-five 
branches and 3,760 members, and is a power- 
ful aid to Christian work. 



The Bible Society. 

This Society is the outcome of the union in Public 
1890 of the National Bible Society of Scotland gjj^j* 
(1875), the American Bible Society (1876), Friendly 
and the British and Foreign Bible Society 
(1881). It sells its books at the cost of 
publication, so that a Gospel can be bought 
for half a cent, and a New Testament for 
five cents and upward. In the early days, 
Japanese bookstores would have nothing to 
do with the books of the " Jesus Way," and 
sales had to be effected through mission- 
aries, churches, and colporteurs. In 1882, a 
Bible store was opened in Nagasaki, but the 
keeper was mobbed and his goods were 
thrown into the street ; but new stores, in all 
the large cities where there is a demand, 
gladly keep Bibles on sale. Since 1875, Urge Work 
2,418,021 copies of Bibles, Testaments, and 
portions of the Bible have been distributed by 
sale or gift. During the year 1902, 6,125 
Bibles, 31,058 New Testaments, and 114,933 
portions, a total of 175,991 copies, were 



156 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

circulated, for which 11,207 yen were re- 
ceived. 

During the Japanese-Chinese war, Mr. 
Loomis, the agent of the American Bible 
Society, had great success in overcoming the 
Work Among prejudice against the Gospel among soldiers, 
Soldiers and wftg nQt Qnl y p erm itted to distribute 
thousands of Gospels to them, but was warmly- 
thanked by the Chief of Staff of the Imperial 
Guard in these words : " Our Imperial Guard 
feels that for both officers and men spiritual 
education is highly important. We are much 
pleased that you have presented us with a 
Bible for number of Bibles, and Prince Komatsu also is 
Emperor exceeding iy g i a( }.» That the Christians prize 
their Bible may be seen partly from the fact 
that they raised three hundred yen, and had a 
richly bound copy prepared for the purpose 
and presented to the Emperor by the hand of 
Marquis Ito. 

The Scripture Union. 

In 1884 this organization was formed for the 

Nine purpose of encouraging the daily reading of the 

Thousand Scriptures. Its magazine, in which the daily 

Dai Rea B ders readings are simply and attractively explained, 

is to the 9,000 members of the Union a great 

help, many of whom live in the country apart 

from church privileges. Dr. Whitney, of 

whose hospital work mention has already 



Forms of Mission Work 157 

been made, is also the promoter of this good 
work. 

The Salvation Army. 

At the coming of the Army in 1895, some 
did not think that the methods of the Salva- wise 
tion Army would be successful in Japan, but Adaptations 
its officers were men and women of ability 
and tact, who at once adapted themselves to 
local conditions. They won some able Japa- 
nese as co-workers, and have already developed 
a work that is greatly blessing the classes 
they especially aim to reach. In their success- 
ful efforts to rescue girls who have been sold Rescue Work 
into slavery of the worst sort, some of the 
officers have been roughly handled and even 
wounded, but the agitation created has re- 
sulted in an important change in the laws 
of Japan so that now these girls can at any 
time abandon their wretched lives. The Wai' 
( '/■>/ of the Army is a marked success, having 
a circulation of 11,000 copies twice a month ; yterature 
and of " The Common People's Gospel " 10,000 
copies were sold in two years and a half. Dur- 
ing 1902, 15,0(10 books and tracts were 
published, and 1,272 people were converted, 
but less than half that number joined them- 
selves to any church. The Army's exceptional 
attainment in self support is worthy of praise. 
In 1902, they raised 7,441 yen, or thirty-eight 



158 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

and one-half per cent, of the total expenses of 
the work, including the salaries of all foreign 
officers. The Army conducts a Home for 
Sailors in Yokohama, and a Prison Gate Home 
in Tokyo. 



Questions for Study 

Aim— To estimate the need and results of broad Chris- 
tian activities in Japan. 

1. Give three reasons for the importance of philan- 

thropic work as a department of Christian missions 
in Japan. 

2. In view of the teachings of Japanese religions, why 

was there so little charitable work fifty years 
ago? 

3. Was there anything in Shinto that would incite to 

such work ? 

4. Why did Buddhism bear so little fruit in this line ? 

5. What was there lacking in its teaching that in Chris- 

tianity supplies motives for helping others ? 

6. Upon which did Confucianism lay most stress in its 

doctrine of the five relations — the duties of supe- 
rior to inferior, or vice versa ? 

7. What effect would this have upon charitable work ? 

8. What effect would the feudal system of Old Japan 

have upon the idea of the brotherhood of man ? 

9. What effect would its family system have upon the 

idea of the value of each individual ? 
10. Sum up your answer to the first question, arranging 
your reasons in what seems to you the order of 
their importance. 



Forms of Mission Work 159 

11. Just what is it in Christianity that has made this 

great change in Japan ? 

12. What do you consider the five most important de- 

partments of Christian literature for Japan ? 

13. What advantages has a Japanese over a foreigner 

in preparing this literature ? 

14. Give three reasons for the importance of Christian 

literature as a department of missionary work. 
Give three reasons why you consider each of the fol- 
lowing forms of Christian work especially needed in 
Japan : 

15. That of the Young Men's Christian Association. 

16. That of the Christian Endeavor Society and Ep- 

worth League. 

17. That of temperance. 

18. What are the best things accomplished by the Bible 

Society ? 

19. Could this work be as well done by the different 

Boards instead ? 

20. Is Japan overstocked with Christian agencies? 

21. If you had $10,000 to invest in mission work in 

Japan, how would you place it to secure the very 
greatest good ? Give three reasons in support of 
your choice. 

References : 

Cary : Japan and its Regeneration, chs. X, XI. 
Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, ch. XVI. 

Thirty Eventful Years in Japan, pp. 68-71. 
Clement: Handbook of Modern Japan, ch. XIX. 
Ritter : History of Protestant Missions in Japan, pp. 

321-341. 
Ecumenical Conference Report, chs. XXIV-XXVI, 
XII. 



160 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Subjects for Papers or Talks : 

1. The difficulties and needs of literary work. 

Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, 

ch. XVI. 
Ecumenical Conference Report, chs. XXIV- 

XXVI. 
Report of Toronto Convention, 1902, pp. 549- 

556. 

2. The work of the International Committee of the 

Y. M. C. A. in Japan. 
For literature write to 3 West 29th Street, New 
York City. 

3. The work of the American Bible Society. 

For literature write to the American Bible So- 
ciety, Bible House, Eighth Street and Fourth 
Avenue, New York City. 



YII 

THE FORCES AT WORK 

There is no land in which differences Differences 
among missionaries are so few and unimpor- Minimized 
tant or in which unions have reduced the 
number of agencies to so great a degree as in 
Japan. The usual way of speaking of mis- 
sion forces in Japan, therefore, is to refer to 
them as unions of allied societies under the 
familiar names of Baptist, Congregational, 
Episcopal, Methodist and Presbyterian. 

Baptist Forces. 

Baptist work in Japan commenced under Beginnings 
the American Baptist Free Mission Society in 
1862'; and! their first missionary, the Kev. 
Jonathan Goble, was sent out in the same 
year. To him belongs the distinction of hav- 
ing invented the jinrikisha, which has been 
adopted as the common mode of conveyance 
in Japan to-day. In 1872, this society united 
with the American Baptist Missionary Union, 
and Dr. Nathan Brown was sent to Yokohama. 
Saying been a missionary in Assam, India, 
where he had translated the New Testament, 
161 



162 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

his whole heart was filled with the desire to 
give the Gospel to the Japanese, and his 
Baptist version of the New Testament was 
completed in seven years. 

The growth of this group of missions was 
Present slow up to 1889, when there were twenty-one 
Status missionaries, four ordained Japanese, four 
schools, and one theological seminary. The 
American Baptist Missionary Union has now 
fifty-eight missionaries occupying nine stations 
extending from Nemuro and Otaru in North- 
ern Hokkaido to the tiny Liu Kiu Islands, 
south of Kyushu. There are ninety-six organ- 
ized churches with eight ordained pastors and 
4,259 members. Of these churches thirty- 
eight are entirely self-supporting, while the 
total contributions in 1902 were $2,022 (gold) 
or an average of about fifty cents per member. 
There are ten schools of various grades with 
652 pupils, and one theological seminary with 
eighteen students. 

It will thus be seen that the main strength 
A Tireless °f these two missions is exerted in two of the 
Evangelist fi ve spheres of work, the evangelistic and the 
educational. At Sendai, Mr. E. H. Jones is 
indefatigable in touring to places where other 
missionaries seldom go. He preaches in sea- 
son and out of season, on the streets, in tents, 
on the cars and river steamers, in hotels and 
in the homes of the people. He is deeply in- 



The Forces at Work 163 

terested also in aiding the poor, and is the 

recognized head of that kind of work in the 

missionary community at Sendai. Among 

Baptist schools, the Ella O. Patrick Home in 

Sendai, of which Miss Lavinia Mead was a 

founder, is an excellent type of a Christian 

girls' school. The number of scholars is limited Typical Girls' 

only by the capacity of the buildings, and the Sch ° o1 

fifty girls are taught that character is supreme 

and that scholarship must be linked with 

moral purpose. The Duncan Academy in 

Tokyo is a growing school, whose main object 

is to fit students for the Theological Seminary Training 

in Yokohama. It was not founded until 1895, Schools for 

... Preachers 
and has erected only recently its recitation 

hall. With consecrated teachers it cannot fail 
to become a power for good in the lives of 
hundreds of young men, and a training school 
for teachers and pastors. 

The strong purpose of the Baptists to make Gospel steam 
everything lead to the giving of the Gospel to L aunch 
the common people is well illustrated by the 
following facts. They have a unique work 
among the fishermen and farmers on the 
islands and along the shores of the beautiful 
inland sea, below Kobe. A Japanese evangel- 
ist on board a small steam launch visits the 
populous islands. Sometimes the people are 
invited to come on deck to hear the Gospel 
and to get Christian literature, at other times 



164 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

the workers go ashore and hold meetings. In 
one year sixty-two different islands were thus 
visited. Meetings were held in 350 towns and 
villages, and 40,000 people had the Gospel 
preached to them. In many of these places no 
Christian service had ever been held before. 
Battling with the changing currents of this 
inland sea is not the dangerous task it was in 
the days when a small sailboat was the only 
means of transportation. Everywhere the mis- 
sion launch is Avelcomed, and the Government 
has given it permission to visit many islands to 
which other foreign ships are not allowed to go. 
Most valuable work is also carried on in the 
Opening in Liu Kiu Islands, which are about as large as 
Islands the state of Rhode Island, and are said to have 
about 400,000 inhabitants, who live for the 
most part in extreme poverty and ignorance. 
Through the generosity of a woman, who saw 
the need as she was making a trip around the 
world, work was begun on these islands in 
1891. Now there are thirty-five Christians on 
the Liu Kiu Islands and a successful industrial 
school with 130 pupils. 

Congregational Forces. 

Beginnings The attention of the American Board was 

directed to Japan in response to the prayerful 

request of Mr. Neesima that Christian work be 

begun in that empire ; as a result the first Con- 



The Forces at Work 165 

gregational missionaries, Rev. and Mrs. D. C. 
Greene were sent out in 1869. Five years 
later, Mr. ISTeesima joined the mission, which 
by that time had twenty-four missionaries with 
two little churches whose formation has al- 
ready been mentioned. In a few years (1882), 
" there were nineteen churches with a member- 
ship of about a thousand, three ordained 
pastors and five houses of worship, erected 
without other aid from the Board than a grant 
of $500 for one of the buildings." 

During the next year, there came a great re- The Doshisha 
vival wave which swept over all the churches Revival 
of Japan, its wonderful power being especially 
felt in the Doshisha school, where at the end 
of two weeks there was scarcely one of the 150 
students who had not surrendered to Christ. 
Thus the foundations were laid and the way 
prepared for the grand ingathering which fol- 
lowed from 1884 to 1889. 

" The nineteen churches which in 1882 had Eleven-fold 
only one thousand members became in the next Increase 
eleven years more than ninety churches, forty- 
two of them self-supporting, with a total mem- 
bership of over 11,000." 

There being some 60,000 Japanese in Ha- work opened 
waii, several of the Congregational evan- Jn Hawaii 
gelists went there to work for the people on 
the sugar plantations. It was an innovation 
when Rev. and Mrs. H. Kozaki, of Tokyo, were 



166 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

sent to Hawaii by influential Christian officers 
of the Emigration Company to study the field 
and report. The story of this mission to 
Hawaii, and the welcome given to these well- 
known workers by the owners of the planta- 
tions as well as by their own countrymen, is 
rich in promise of a very vigorous work soon 
to be carried on in behalf of these labourers. 
The recent appointment of Dr. and Mrs. 
Doremus Scudder to Hawaii is a significant 
action. Before going there Dr. Scudder spent 
a year in Japan, and Baron Utsumi, Minister 
of Home Affairs, gave him introductions to the 
governors of the provinces from Avhich the 
labourers chiefly go, and every attention was 
shown him as he went through Japan, study- 
ing the conditions of labour and the homes of 
the emigrants. 

In education, this mission has accomplished 
Doshisha a great work. The story of the Doshisha has 
Alumni a i reac }y been partly told. It reached its zenith 
of prosperity in 18S9-1890, when there were 
nearly 700 students in the collegiate and theo- 
logical departments, and over 200 in the girls' 
school and the training school for nurses. Dr. 
Neesima's death was an irreparable loss to the 
school, which in seventeen years had graduated 
112 students in theology, and 216 from the 
collegiate course, of which 200 had professed 
their faith in Christ. Nearly 5,000 students 



The Forces at Work 167 

have entered the school since its beginning, 
and about 2,000 have been graduated. Of 
these graduates, over eighty are preaching, 160 
are teachers, 221 are in business, 156 are pur- 
suing further studies, twenty-seven are officials, 
and sixteen are editors. 

The education of girls has not been wholly Girls' Schools 
neglected. There is the Kobe College with its ^support- 
fine equipment of teachers and buildings, noted 
also for the rare beauty of its situation. This 
is the only girls' school which belongs to the 
mission, and is aided financially by mission 
funds. All the others are under the control 
of Japanese Christians, and receive little or 
no aid from the Board, save the help of one or 
more lady missionaries as teachers. Of these 
schools, the Baikwa Girls' School in Osaka has 
the honour of being the first financially inde- 
pendent Christian school in Japan. There 
are also schools in Kumamoto, Matsuyama, 
Okayama, Tottori, Maebashi, Niigata, which 
have inspired unusual self-denial on the part 
of both teachers and pupils, and have been 
training-schools for Christian workers and 
teachers. Besides these there are in Kobe 
the Bible-School for Women and the Glory 
Kindergarten, while several other kindergar- 
tens have sprung up here and there in the 
country. 

In medical work, Osaka and Kyoto are the 



i68 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Two Medical two centres that have been most fruitful in 
Centres christian influences, but owing to the rapid 
introduction of Western medical science, and 
the multiplication of Government and private 
hospitals, this branch of work as an aid to 
direct evangelization has been almost wholly 
given up. 
Numerous In publication work, this mission has been 

Publications ac ti ve . It has circulated over 725,000 tracts 
and books, representing more than 52,000,000 
pages, not to speak of a considerable number 
published through the Tract Society, the 
Keiseisha, and the Methodist Publishing 
House. The number of titles now on the 
mission's list is eighty-eight, besides various 
periodicals. 

Episcopalian Forces. 
Episcopalians The first Protestant missionaries sent to 
the Pioneers j a p an un der regular appointment were the 
Rev. J. Liggins and the Kev. C. M. Williams, 
of the American Episcopalian Church, who 
reached Nagasaki, June, 1859. There is no 
name better known among the missionaries of 
the Episcopal Church than that of Dr. Will- 
iams. He became the first bishop in Japan, 
and performed Episcopal functions for a third 
of a century, after which he retired from 
official duties to devote himself wholly to 
evangelistic work. "He is preeminently an 




SOME FOUNDERS AND LEADERS 



JAMES C. HEPBURN. M.D.. LL.D. 
BISHOP CHANXIXG M. WILLIAMS. D.D. 
BISHOP MERRIAM C. HARRIS, D.D. 



REV. GUIDO P. VERBECK. D.D. 

REV. JOSEPH HARDY NEESIMA, LL.D. 

MISS LAVINIA MEAD 



The Forces at Work 169 

evangelist, goes everywhere in all weathers a True 
and under all conditions to preach, to baptize, pother 
to administer the Eucharist, to open mission 
stations, to instruct the congregations, to guide 
inquirers, to direct and foster the work by any 
and every means in his power. Wherever he 
goes he is received as a ' father in God ' with 
love and reverence." 

For thirteen years this mission made very S j ow p r0 g reS s 
little progress, and had but one baptism, but 
shortly thereafter twenty converts were bap- 
tized. By this time the Church Missionary 
Society of England had begun its work in 
Japan (1869) and the Society for the Propaga- 
tion of the Gospel followed in 1873. 

Here then were three missions of the Angli- strength In 
can communion. It was soon apparent that ^ nlon 
their differences should be minimized for the 
sake of the greater work that could be done as 
one organization. The desired union was ac- 
complished in 1887. This, however, was not 
the first union of kindred bodies in Japan, an 
honour that belongs to the Presbyterians. But 
what is worthy of note is this, that foreign 
missions tend naturally to as much organic 
union as possible. And the formation of the 
two English Societies and one American into 
the Nippon Sei Ko Kwai, Holy Catholic 
Church of Japan, is worthy of praise. 

The mission that began in weakness and 



170 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Number of experienced many disappointments in the early 
Increased y ears > received a new life upon the forma- 
tion of the united movement. The number 
of bishops was increased and now there are 
four from England and two from America. 
Tour missionaries, Drs. McKim, Evington, 
Fyson and Foss, who had served from ten to 
twenty-six years in Japan, were consecrated 
bishops of Tokyo, Kyushu, Hokkaido and 
Osaka. Dr. Awdry was consecrated in Lon- 
don as bishop of South Tokyo, and Dr. Par- 
tridge was transferred from China to be conse- 
crated bishop of Kyoto. 

The rapid development of this united work 
Rapid Growth may be gauged by the fact that in 1883 there 
were only thirty missionaries, wives included, 
and 761 Christians who contributed a total of 
708 yen. The number of Christians has 
doubled about every five years. There are 
now 224 missionaries, forty-seven ordained 
Japanese pastors, sixty-nine organized 
churches, two of which are self-supporting, 
10,997 Christians who contribute 15,827 yen. 
It is expected that before long a Japanese will 
be consecrated bishop, and he will be wholly 
supported by his own churches. This work 
includes the interesting and successful labours 
among the Ainu in Hokkaido, and extends as 
far South as the Liu Kiu Islands. In education 
also, this Episcopal family is doing extensive 



The Forces at Work 171 

work. Besides three theological schools with 
thirty-one students, there are thirty-three 
other schools with 2,283 pupils. The chief of 
these is St. Paul's College in Tokyo. A Church 
House has been opened in Tokyo to be a 
centre of Christian work among the two thou- 
sand of the University. 

St. Luke's Hospital in Tokyo, under Dr. E. A Large 
B. Teusler, is one of the largest institutions of osp ta 
the Episcopalian Church and because of its cen- 
tral location is able to do an extensive work. 
Foreigners as well as Japanese are cared for. 
A staff of native assistants and nurses is being 
trained. Upon the outbreak of the war with 
Eussia, Bishop McKim and Dr. Teusler offered 
the use of the hospital to the Japanese Gov- 
ernment for the sick and wounded of both 
armies. Out of the fourteen hospitals and 
dispensaries belonging to all the Protestant 
missions, the Episcopalians have seven. 

They have a publishing department, and Publications 
advertise 130 titles of books and tracts. In 
philanthropic labours, they are not lacking, for 
they have six orphanages and homes for the 
aged and unfortunate. 

Methodist Forces. 

There are six Methodist societies in Japan ; Union 
and since the spirit of union is so wide-spread, Ex P ected 
it is expected that in the near future they will 



172 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

form one organization similar to those of the 
three Episcopal societies and the six Presby- 
terian missions. Indeed, already a joint com- 
mittee has drawn up a basis of union. These 
six societies are as follows : 

The Methodist Episcopal Church (1873), The 
Methodist Church of Canada (1873), The Evan- 
gelical Association (1876), The Methodist Prot- 
estant Church (1880), The Methodist Episcopal 
Church, South (1886), and the United Brethren 
in Christ (1895). 
Status of The following table will best show what 
this group of missions is doing : 

1 ,§i Schools, Pupils, 

•1 .§ - 1 £ 8 a « s -5 

.« £ 2 2! s © j?> 5- S 5 ~ 

3« S j I* 5 <5 3 I 

M. E. 72 63 6,548 18,757 2 7 638 912 

M. C. C. 34 26 2,675 5,803 3 380 

E. A. 6 15 1,025 1,511 

M. P. 20 14 619 924 11 90 73 

M. E. S. 40 6 864 2,869 1 1 123 266 

U. B. C. 6 9 130 147 



Six Societies 



Total 178 133 11,861 30,011 4 12 1,031 1,631 

Japanese in Leaving for the moment these churches in 
California Japan and the devoted missionaries who have 
fostered them, we can get an excellent picture 
of the reflex influence of mission work by 
looking at what Dr. M. C. Harris, of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church mission force, has 
done in California. Forced to leave Japan 



Honoured 



The Forces at Work 173 

on account of his wife's health, he was 
providentially called to be Superintendent of 
the Pacific Japanese Mission in San Francisco. 
" His long experience in Japan and his intense 
love for the Japanese eminently fitted him for 
the duties and responsibilities of his new 
position. He organized a flourishing Gospel 
Society and a vigorous church, and has erected 
a substantial mission building in San Francisco. 
Hundreds of Japanese have been converted, 
and a large number of young men trained for 
Christian work." Dr. Harris successfully Dr. Harris 
protested against the exclusion of Japanese 
from the public schools of San Francisco, and 
when he again visited Japan prominent Chris- 
tians petitioned the Government to recognize 
his long and unselfish work for the Japanese 
in a foreign land, with the result that the 
Decoration of the Imperial Order of the 
Sacred Treasure, Fourth Degree, was con- 
ferred upon him. When next he visited the 
Far East, which he so loves, his Japanese 
friends in California paid all his expenses, and 
in Japan, " wherever he went, ovations and re- 
ceptions awaited him. All classes, Christian 
and non-Christian, rose up to do him honour. 
Governors, mayors, college presidents, pro- 
fessors, teachers and influential citizens, vied 
with each other in their attentions. When- 
ever he spoke or preached, large, interested and 



174 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

enthusiastic audiences greeted him ; on his 
leaving for America, a ' Harris Association ' 
was formed in his honour." In 1904 he be- 
came Missionary Bishop of Japan. 
Educational In school work, the Methodists have the 
or well-known Aoyarna Gakuin and the Ladies' 
Seminary on a fine plot of twenty-five acres 
in Tokyo; The Toyo Eiwa Gakuin (The 
English and Japanese Institute of the East) in 
Azabu, another district of the Capital; and 
the Kwansoi Gakuin (Southwestern College) in 
Kobe; all three colleges having theological 
departments. While the number of theolog- 
ical students is exceptionally small at this 
time, being only twenty, the tide is rising, and 
these figures will soon be largely increased. 
Besides these are the Bible Women's Training 
School in Yokohama, and various other 
schools, which together educate and train 
2,662 pupils. 
La J« e The Methodist Publishing House is one of 
House the notable features of Christian work in 
Tokyo, and is virtually the only mission pub- 
lishing house in Japan. The plant consists of 
a printing house employing fifty men, women, 
and girls, and a bookstore and office on 
Ginza, the Broadway of Tokyo. The Japa- 
nese Evangelist, an undenominational maga- 
zine, is published there. The sales for 1902 
were of the value of 27,814 yen, and 75,000 



The Forces at Work 175 

tracts and 30,000 books amounting to 12,000,- 
000 pages were printed. 

While Methodist Christians are doing some- For 
thing for orphans and for the sick poor, JjJpu^Jy 6 
sociological work has mainly been along the 
lines of temperance and purity. Dr. Soper 
may be fitly called the Apostle of Temper- 
ance, and Mr. Murphy's agitations have 
helped to gain liberty for hundreds, perhaps 
thousands, of girls held in the worst form of 
slavery. 

Presbyterian Forces. 

The first Protestant church organized in First 
Japan was the Presbyterian church in Yoko- church^ 
hama. Discarding the name Presbyterian, it 
took simply the name " Church of Christ," 
and following their example, the various Pres- 
byterian missions, when they consummated 
their union, adopted the name " The Church 
of Christ in Japan," (Nippon Kirisuto 
Kyokwai). These six missions, together with 
the Woman's Union Missionary Society, consti- 
tute the " Council of Missions " that cooperates 
with " The Church of Christ in Japan." The 
following are the names of the various 
Presbyterian churches in Japan with the dates 
of their arrival : Presbyterian Church in the 
United States, North (1859), Eeformed Church 
in America (1859), Woman's United Mission- 



176 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

ary Society (1871), and the United Presby- 

Unlon terian Church of Scotland (1874). The union 
Consummated of thege four bodieg wag formed in 18 ^ and 

the consequent joy was intensified by the 
ordination of the first pastors of the church, 
three in number, one of whom is the aged 
Okuno Masatsuna, whose venerable figure is 
known in all the churches of the Empire. At 
this time there were 623 Christians and twenty- 
five students studying for the ministry. The 
other three missionary societies arriving later 
soon caught the spirit of union, and heartily 
entered the Council : Cumberland Presbyterian 
Church (1877), Reformed Church in the United 
States (1879), and the Presbyterian Church in 
the United States (1886). 
Resulting How much better for Japan, and indeed for 
Strength the universal c hurch of Christ that these 
missions were led to this early union. Instead 
of these various foreign names that have no 
historic significance whatever to Japan, there 
is now one strong Nippon Kirisuto Kyokwai, 
with 153 missionaries (including wives) oc- 
cupying the thirty-eight stations and 234 out- 
stations, with 141 pastors and evangelists and 
11,651 Christians whose annual contributions 
reach 37,180 yen. In the five Presbyteries 
extending from Hokkaido to Formosa, twenty- 
three churches out of seventy-one are self-sup- 
porting. This independent spirit manifests 



The Forces at Work. 177 

itself also in the zeal with which the Japanese 
have organized their own independent mis- 
sionary society, whose budget is about 7,000 
yen. 

The real life of this Church can be fairly Formosa 
estimated from one interesting piece of work ait ng 
being carried on by its missionary society in 
Formosa. There are about 35,000 Japanese 
in that island, and among them are many 
Christians, some of whom invited Rev. M. 
Uemura to come from Tokyo to organize them 
into a church, they paying the expenses of 
his long journey. Mr. Uemura was warmly 
welcomed here and there, and in one place the 
Christians would not let him go without a 
promise to send them a pastor for whose sup- 
port they pledged twenty yen a month. 
Another group offered to pay ten yen a 
month for an evangelist. A Christian captain 
gathered his men to hear Mr. Uemura preach. 
The missionary's story of his journey reads 
"like a chapter in Acts." Everywhere men 
were ready to listen to him and wherever he 
went he found Christians. Even on the tree- 
less Pescadores he found a little company. 
Thus a helping hand is stretched out to 
Formosa, and a Christian major stationed in 
China is urging this society to begin work 
there. 

As indicating the scope of the educational 



ij8 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Schools work of the united body, it should be stated 
Worth While tnat t h ere are i n t he Meiji Gakuin, Tokyo, 170 
students, 129 in the Tohoku Gakuin, Sendai, 
and 100 in the Steele College, Nagasaki. 
There are three theological schools with 
twenty-four students, and six Bible Women's 
Training Schools with sixty-three students. 
Twelve Girls' Boarding Schools with 948 pupils 
are found in a line from North to South, in 
Sapporo, Otaru, Sendai, Kanazawa, Tokyo (2), 
Nagoya, Osaka (2), Yokohama (2) and Naga- 
saki. As for day-schools, industrial-schools, 
night-schools, kindergartens, etc., worthy as is 
the labour ungrudgingly bestowed, it need 
only be said here that they all are helping on 
the coming of the Kingdom in the lives of the 
young. Indeed, this whole educational work, 
to which fifty missionaries give their strength, 
and for the support of which the home 
churches contribute $52,000, is a constant in- 
spiration to the churches in Japan, and no one 
can estimate the beneficial effect exercised 
upon the community in general. 
Standard Among Christian books published by Pres- 
Books byterians, "The Life of Christ," by Dr. 
Williams Tmbrie holds a prominent place. 
Eev. M. Uemura's " Survey of the Truth " is a 
standard work. Nicoll's "The Incarnate 
Saviour" has been translated by Professor 
Kashiwai and a telling " Life of Livingstone " 



The Forces at Work 179 

has been compiled by Professors Morimoto 
and Arishima. With the aid of tracts, maga- 
zines, commentaries, and other publications, 
the united church has sent the words of truth 
and love far and wide. 

The medical work, which in the early days Lepers 
was such a power for good under Dr. Hep- Ba P tized 
burn, is no longer emphasized ; and philan- 
thropic effort is given mainly to industrial 
schools and personal forms of service. I must 
mention, however, Miss Youngman's Leper 
Hospital. Nobody knows how many lepers 
there are in Japan. It is certain that there 
are over 30,000 and perhaps there are twice 
that number, since many conceal their diseased 
condition, and the government does not pub- 
lish statistics. Miss Youngman has forty of 
these unfortunates in her Tokyo hospital, and 
all but six have been baptized in the name of 
Him who said, " Be thou clean." Ten of these 
lepers were baptized at one time. Miss Young- 
man says : " We never have room for all that 
apply. In fact many more would apply if 
they dared, but applying to us means register- 
ing their names as lepers, and this brings their 
families into disrepute. For instance, a leper 
woman is now wandering about Yokohama. 
She was four years in the Roman Catholic 
hospital at Koyama. She was then required 
to register, and she said she could not do it as 



i8o Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

her sister was happily married and had two 
children ; she feared that if her sister's hus- 
band knew of the sister's condition that he 
would turn out both mother and children." 
In Home I was once invited to the home of a leper of 
of a Leper means whom I had baptized. I ate and slept 
in his hospitable home and performed the 
marriage ceremony for his adopted children. 
I learned much from the life of this pure- 
hearted and loving Christian, and when after 
fifteen years of a living death he was called 
above, his funeral was attended by crowds who 
loved the man whose courage and Christian 
hope this terrible disease could not conquer. 



Other Protestant Evangelical Forces. 







II 




1 


1. 


Church of Christ, 


1884 


842 


20 


2. 


Society of Friends, 


1885 


300 


7 


3. 


German Evangelistic Prot- 










estant Mission, 


1885 


179 


6 


4. 


American Christian Con- 










vention, 


1887 


382 


6 


5. 


Scandinavian Japanese Al- 










liance, 


1891 


200 


11 


6. 


Christian and Missionary 










Alliance, 


1891 


52 


3 


7. 


Evangelical Lutheran, 


1892 


133 


9 


8. 


Bephzibah Faith, 


1894 




4 


9, 


Danish Evangelical Luth- 










eran, 


1898 




4 



The Forces at Work 181 

The four societies coming in the " eighties " Ebb and Flow 
arrived at the height of successes, when thou- 
sands were being added to the churches, and 
rejoiced in gains three times as large as the 
other seven societies that came when the oppo- 
sition to everything foreign was the bitterest 
and the gains in the churches were at their 
lowest ebb. It is safe to affirm that no new 
mission could have gained any large success 
in the " nineties." Not many of the older and 
better organized missions made any note- 
worthy progress during that decade. 

No disappointment need be felt at the ap- 
parently small number of converts. Indeed, it 
is large when we consider all the circum- 
stances. Many of the conversions reported 
have cost bitter struggles, and came only in 
answer to prayer that has brought the sustain- 
ing power needed by the native Christian. It 
is too early to look for many self-supporting 
churches among them. A brief summary will 
be given of the work of each of these smaller 
churches. 

The Church of Christ. 

Its missionaries are known because of their 
efficient use of the Japanese language and for Masters of 
ability in acceptable preaching. They them- ^^> m %^ 
selves, however, say : "Our work has been 
retarded because of lack of schools for evan- 



182 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

gelists and Bible women." Ex-Governor 
Drake, of Iowa, has generously contributed 
the larger part of the $20,000 they have 
secured for a theological school. The land has 
already been purchased in Tokyo ; and, under 
the inspiration of this advance, they are call- 
ing for more missionaries, and urging forward 
a Bible woman's school in Osaka. 

The Society of Friends. 

These workers, for the most part, devote 

Quiet Sowers themselves to evangelistic work, scattering the 

of Seed g 00C i seec i lovingly and without ostentation. 

They are also active in temperance work, in 

work for women, and in a small girls' school 

in Tokyo. Dr. Whitney's hospital work, the 

Railway Mission, and the Postal and Telegraph 

Mission are the work of independent Friends. 

The German Evangelistic Protestant Mis- 
sion. 

Its headquarters are in Tokyo, where its 
Scholarly publication work has attracted much attention 
Literature Decause f j^s scholarly and progressive 
methods. "Is there a God?" "Modern 
Christianity and Miracles," "What think ye of 
Christ?" together with a monthly magazine 
find proportionately a large number of readers. 
To this German Mission is due the publication 
of the first comprehensive History of Protes- 



The Forces at Work 183 

tant Missions in Japan both in German and 
English. They have a theological school with 
five students, a school for poor children, an in- 
dustrial school for girls and an evening school. 

The American Christian Convention. 

It carries on a distinctively evangelistic work Earnest 
in Tokyo, and in the North with Sendai as its Evan s e,ists 
base. The earnest work of the missionaries 
and their self-denying helpers has its reward 
in an unusual rate of growth in late years. 

The Scandinavian Alliance Mission. 

The founder of this mission, the Eev. F. Fran- a Successful 
son, is a most devoted worker, and supervises Reviva,i8t 
the work of several scores of missionaries in 
different parts of the world. He recently 
travelled through Japan, where his revival 
work has been welcomed by many churches. 
His broad purpose is not so much to found a 
denominational church as to preach the saving 
Gospel of Christ as widely as possible. 

The Christian and Missionary Alliance. 

This was begun by Dr. T. W. Gulick in « Christ 
Southern Japan. "Its only object is to lead Crucitied " 
souls to Christ by preaching the Gospel." It 
is a wonderful work of grace that this mission 
should gain in one year forty converts. 



184 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

The Evangelical Lutheran Mission. 
Schools These missionaries work only in Kyushu 
pene with headquarters at Saga. Three years ago 
they said : " The methods of this mission are 
purely evangelistic, no educational work being 
done except the training of evangelists," But 
recently a kindergarten has been opened which 
promises success. It may be added that the 
author of " The Gist of Japan," Eev. P. B. 
Peery, is a member of this mission. The Dan- 
ish Evangelical Mission (No. 11) cooperates 
with this. 

" One Thing The Hephzibah Faith Mission is not for de- 
nominational work. " Its aim is to bring un- 
believers to a knowledge of the truth and be- 
lievers into the experience of sanctification." 

Won- Protestant Forces. 

There are two large missions at work in 
Japan with success, and we must not overlook 
them on the ground that they are not Protes- 
tants. One of these is 

The Roman Catholic Mission. 

Just as soon as foreigners were permitted to 

Large enter Japan, the work of this Church was re- 
Membership newed with zeaL There are now 115 EurQ 

pean priests and thirty-two Japanese who have 
received ordination. The whole number of 



The Forces at Work lSj 

adherents is 57,195. If one asks why there are 
so few native priests over these 217 churches 
and chapels, the reply is : " The necessity of 
celibacy makes ordination much more difficult 
for Japanese Roman Catholics than for Chris- 
tians of other denominations. Indeed, ordina- 
tion is very seldom permitted except in the 
case of natives whose families have been Chris- 
tians for at least three generations." 

Forty of these missionaries (men) and 120 Growth of 
women are devoted to various forms of educa- Sch ° o18 
tional work. They have three higher boys' 
schools with 517 students, eighteen primary 
schools for boys and twenty-two for girls with 
790 boys and 3,974 girls. Besides these, there 
are three theological seminaries with forty- 
seven students. 

The benevolent work of this mission is one Qiven to 
of its marked characteristics, and is often Charity 
praised in the press of Japan. They have 
nineteen orphanages with 1,512 children. 
" Their medical activity is represented by four- 
teen dispensaries." Some of their men have 
gained a wide reputation for their able literary 
work. 

The Russian (Greek) Church. 

The unique success of this large mission is Power of 
due mainly to the work of one man, Bishop 0ne Man 
Nicolai. He was one of the earliest mission- 



186 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

aries to Japan ; or, to speak more accurately, 
he was the chaplain of the Russian Legation. 
He is mentioned especially because of his ex- 
ceptional success ; and it is not without inter- 
est, that, while Neesima was plotting to get 
away to America, he was teaching this Rus- 
sian Japanese in Hakodate. This one man has 
trained his evangelists and sent them all over 
Japan where they have organized 260 churches, 
rarely visited by the Bishop. They number 
27,501 members and have 173 church build- 
ings. Of the cost of this wholesale work of 
evangelization, the Christians raise only about 
one-tenth. The theological seminary with its 
one hundred students is the most important of 
the educational institutions of the Greek 
Church. There are also two girls' schools 
which have about the same number of pupils. 



Questions foe Study 

Aim — To study the work of your own denomination and 
note the most striking features of that of other denomina- 
tions. Answers to these questions may be obtained from 
literature furnished by your Board. 

1. When did the work of your own denomination be- 

gin in Japan ? 

2. Who were your first missionaries and where were 

they sent ? 

3. Describe fully the circumstances under which they 

began their work. 



The Forces at Work 187 

4. What were the principal difficulties that they met ? 

5. When and under what circumstances was the first 

native church founded by your missionaries ? 

6. At what other stations has your Board opened 

stations ? 

7. Name any striking circumstances connected with 

the opening of these stations. 

8. What additional work is your Board doing ? 

9. Describe in detail one of its schools or colleges and 

the circumstances connected with its founding. 

10. What other work of your Board do you consider 

most worthy of mention ? 

1 1 . Describe somewhat in detail the present state of a 

native church founded by your Board. 

12. What are the most notable activities of the whole 

native church that your Board founded? 

13. Describe fully some recent striking events connected 

with the work of your Board. 

14. What are the present figures of the work of your 

Board in Japan ? 

15. What has been the growth of the last year? 

16. Note carefully the work of the other denominations 

and select the five points in connection with them 
that seem to you most worthy of study. 

17. What do you consider the three greatest needs of 

missions in Japan at present ? 

18. What do you understand to be the aim of foreign 

missions ? 

References : 

Ritter : History of Protestant Missions in Japan, sec- 
tions in each division and in the supplementary 
chapter. 

Peery : Gist of Japan, ch. X. 

Literature published by your board. 



188 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Subjects for Papers or Talks : 

i. Facts of interest connected with the beginning of 
your Board in Japan. 

2. How does your Board of foreign missions do its 

work ? 
Write to your Board for literature and make use 
also of denominational magazines. 

3. Problems connected with organizing the native 

Church. 
Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, 

chs. IV, XI, XII. 
Peery : Ch. XV. 



YIII 
THE OUTLOOK 

The Reaction. 

It would not be right to give the impression 
that missions are an unqualified success in jfSjJP": ln , 
Japan. There have indeed been amazing tri- 
umphs in the face of great difficulties, and a 
degree of success in every department of work, 
for which all Christians should truly be thank- 
ful. Yet an apparently great disaster befell 
the whole work about 1890, and the hearts of 
the missionaries were saddened and the 
churches at home were perplexed. The num- 
ber of yearly Protestant baptisms suddenly 
decreased fifty per cent. The churches that 
had been doubling in membership every three 
years in the "eighties" have not only not 
doubled in the last decade, they have increased 
scarcely fifty per cent, although the missionary 
force is one-half greater and the workers are 
better equipped for service. The number of 
converts scarcely keeps pace with the losses 
which some of the churches suffer annually. 

There is nothing to conceal and nothing to 
189 






190 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Meaning of extenuate. We want our set-backs and fail- 
eac ion U] , eg tQ ^ e ag we ]_]_.] £nown as our successes. 

The year 1889 witnessed a gain of 5,677 con- 
verts, but then came a drop in a single year to 
an increase of only 1,199. In 1S91 the Pres- 
byterian group gloried in their rapidly grow- 
ing church of 10,961 members, and the Con- 
gregationalists likewise exulted over their 10,- 
760. The statistics of 1902 showed that the 
former had increased to 11,651 only and the 
latter to 11,548. In the Sendai field, there 
were 407 Congregational Christians enrolled 
by the end of 1892, but ten years later there 
were only 325, although there had been over 
200 baptisms. These are rather extreme cases, 
but they will all the better reveal what that 
dread word " Keaction " means. 
Some Causes Among the contributory causes of the falling 
off, the following were most influential : 

1. The eager adoption of everything for- 
eign by the Japanese reached its height in 
Craze for the " eighties." Christianity was one of these 
Things f° r 6ign things that then began to be pop- 
ular. It was the style not only to eat and 
drink and to be clothed like foreigners, but it 
was advocated in the ablest paper in Japan 
that it would be a good thing for the people to 
become baptized and join the church. The idea 
was that if Japan should rapidly become Chris- 
tian even nominally, treaty revision would be 



The Outlook 191 

much more easily obtained, and Japan would 
become the political equal of the nations of the 
"West — a thing most intensely desired by the 
whole nation. This political inequality, that Ambition for 
put Japan in the same class with Turkey and gjJJJjjj! 
Egypt, was keenly felt. The Japanese wanted 
to have all foreigners placed under Japanese 
laws and courts, but "Western powers refused, 
thus to trust Japan until secret trial by torture 
was abolished, open courts of justice estab- 
lished, and equal rights given to the people. 

Since such reforms would take many years 
to accomplish, it was little to be wondered at 
that a reaction against foreigners set in, and Change of 
that their mood should swiftly change into dis- D e 
like of everything foreign. Christianity thus 
became one of the things to be swept out of 
the country. There followed a social persecu- 
tion hard for the native Christians to endure, 
and hence thousands no more went to church. 

2. Multitudes had become church members superficial 
without sufficient instruction and without a Growth 
spiritual renewal. " Let's have a hundred 
baptized in our church before New Year," 
said an enthusiastic Japanese Christian in 
October. And they were lined up by the 
score at every baptismal service and solemnly 
received. That church lost more than a 
hundred when the reaction struck the nation. 
This is not an absolute loss, for a dozen or a 



192 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

score of theni will be recovered to the church 
on a far better understanding of devotion to 
Christ, and most of the others remain friendly 
to the church and will contribute on special 
occasions for religious purposes. 

3. The new philosophical, historical, and 
influx of religious knowledge, that passes under the 
Criticism name °f " higher criticism," came like a wave 
over the young Christian community, on 
which it had the same effect as in the West. 
It was a world movement in Christian thought, 
and that a people eager for knowledge should 
have been unable to harmonize the new forms 
of truth with the old should not occasion any 
great surprise. Nor is it unnatural that many 
thoughtful men should have felt the church to 
be too narrow in its sphere of usefulness, and 
too weak in its organization to do much for 
Japan. Many of these men have since risen 
to high positions of social and official influence, 
and though they do not attend church, they 
are often very sympathetic toward Christian 
work and frequently give it generous financial 
support. 
High Moral 4. Of course there were not a few who 
Standards i ove{ ] th e liberty of certain social customs 
that no Christian church would permit, and 
the little churches unhesitatingly removed the 
names of offenders from their rolls. The 
50,000 church members of to-day are morally 



The Outlook 193 

and spiritually in a much better condition than 
were the 35,000 of ten years ago. 

This trying reaction has not been without church 
its good effects. It sifted the chaff from the Purified 
wheat. " Will ye also go away ? " was the 
sad question heard on every side. But the 
large majority knew in their deepest hearts 
that no one had the words of eternal life save 
Christ, and with a clearer and deeper faith 
they made large sacrifices and remained at 
their posts. The churches of Christ have now 
passed one severe crisis, and are rooted and 
grounded in the faith that conquers the world. 
A new study of the Bible has given pastors, 
evangelists, and other leading Christians a 
power of endurance and courage and influence 
they might not otherwise have gained. 

The Forward Movement. 

In spite of the ten years of reaction, the Japanese 
Christians felt a divine impulse to make the Initiative 
beginning of the twentieth century the oc- 
casion of an earnest advance movement in 
which apologetics should give place to a direct 
and forceful presentation of the simple gospel 
of salvation through Christ. Leading Japa- 
nese Christians called the missionaries to join 
them in this new movement. The first for- 
ward step was taken by the Japanese Evangel- 
ical Alliance, which voted to raise 5,000 yen 






194 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

for the purpose. The gathering at Tokyo of 
450 missionaries into a General Conference, 
October, 1900, afforded the Japanese the op- 
portunity to invite their cooperation, and the 
request was most heartily complied with. A 
joint committee was appointed and the empire 
was divided into sixteen districts, with local 
committees to organize and direct the move- 
ment. 
Thorough The work was signally blessed. What was 

Plans done in the great capital will give some indi- 

cation of the nature and scope of the work. 
The city was divided into five districts. 
Fifty-one churches, sixty-two pastors and 
evangelists, and twelve missionaries united for 
six weeks in daily meetings for the uncon- 
verted. Three hundred and sixty persons 
formed twenty-seven bands of workers, who 
marched through the streets with banners and 
lanterns, singing to the tune of "Marching 
Through Georgia," an inspiring hymn of 
Christian warfare. Half a million hand-bills 
were distributed, and 310,000 tracts were 
given away. Over 5,000 "Seekers of the 
Way " handed in their names. 
Power of I n Senclai the churches hired a theatre, the 

Music best in the place, holding 2,000, and never be- 

fore in a Japanese theatre was heard a chorus 
of 100 Christian young men and women (ac- 
companied by piano, organ, and violins), sing- 



The Outlook 195 

ing gospel hymns. Christian music for the 
first time began to attract serious attention 
from outsiders. " You have a great advan- 
tage in your music," said a thoughtful teacher. 
" It cleans out the heart, and then you sow the 
good seed." A band of singers was formed 
that accompanied the speakers into another 
province. It was not exceptional to have a 
hundred or more names of inquirers handed 
in at some of the meetings. 

As news of these meetings spread to the 
towns and cities of the interior, the Christians 
everywhere echoed the Macedonian's cry, Provided 
" Come over and help us." They gave money 
as never before, and made strenuous efforts to 
arouse the communities. Providentially, such 
men as Dr. Harris of San Francisco, Mr. J. E. 
Mott, and Dr. K. A. Torrey, came just in time 
to witness this movement and to stimulate it 
by their inspiring messages. The readiness of 
the people to hear, and their eager acceptance 
of the message, was such, that Dr. Torrey 
said : " This land is ripe for the great 
harvest." The influence of this revival was 
felt even in the conservative Imperial Uni- 
versity, where for the first time in its history 
a distinctively Christian worker, Mr. Mott, 
was invited to speak. 

This " Taikyo Dendo," as the movement 
was called, brought joy and stimulus to the 



196 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 



Quickened whole church of Japan. Hundreds of those 
Faith w ] 10se faith i ia d De811 weakened returned to 
their allegiance, and hundreds of conversions 
of conspicuously wicked men and women 
took place. The movement astonished the 
general public who thought that Christianity 
was about dead, and startled, no one knows 
how many thousands, into a serious considera- 
tion of the claims of Christ to be the Saviour 
of the world. Organized opposition was 
broken down, the scornful were converted or 
made ashamed, and hosts of friends were 
won for Christianity who themselves have 
not entered the church, but who are willing 
that their wives and children should be open 
Christians. 

This movement brought such fresh en- 
thusiasm and hope to the whole Christian 
body, missionaries and churches alike, that 
they were not content with the original plan 
to limit the special work to the opening year 
of the century, and so it has been continued in 
one form or another ever since. The National 
Exposition at Osaka (1903) had before its 
gates a Christian preaching place where the 
various missions took their turns at daily and 
nightly preaching, and where the Christian 
invitation in huge letters was on the roof of 
the building — " Come and See." This could 
not have been achieved but for the new cour- 



Greater 
Things 
Attempted 



The Outlook 197 

age born of the Forward Movement. Dr. 
Charles Cuthbert Hall's unique welcome at 
Senclai, where the non-Christian ladies and 
gentlemen of the city entertained him, fitting 
up the hall of the Government College for 
these Christian lectures, would have been im- 
possible but for this great movement. Mr. 
Mott's splendid record of 1,467 inquirers in 
seven cities was, to a large degree, made pos- 
sible by this same " Taikyo Dendo." 

Heretofore, all revival work had been com- Of National 
paratively local, but the Forward Movement Scope 
was national in its scope and out of forty-five 
provinces forty-two were reached. It or- 
ganized an interdenominational band of 536 
workers. It raised an army of 15,440 in- 
quirers. Though only 5,000 yen were at first 
called for, 10,743 yen were contributed. Dr. 
Imbrie well says : " This movement has 
greatly revived the interest of Christian peo- 
ple of the United States and England in the 
evangelization of Japan, and has supplied new 
courage for the evangelization of the world." 

Denominational Cooperation. 

That mission work in Japan has tended to- spirit of Unity 
ward a union of different societies is seen in 
the formation of the Presbyterian federation 
already described. There was in the "eight- 
ies " an attempt on the part of the Congre- 



198 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

gationalists and Presbyterians to form one 
united work in Japan, but misunderstandings 
in the United States, together with the op- 
position of a few persons in Japan, prevented 
the success of the effort. But at the Tokyo 
Conference in 1900, the spirit of oneness came 
upon the missionaries assembled, and all were 
led to reecho with deeper earnestness than ever 
before the Master's prayer : " That they all 
may be one." A committee of eighteen was 
formed, called the Standing Committee of Co- 
operating Missions in Japan, whose duties are 
to foster all possible cooperation, to give 
counsel with regard to the distribution of 
forces, to prevent misunderstandings, and to 
promote harmony. 
Prayer for The only large mission not represented on 
Unity th e committee is the Episcopalian. That 
body's desire for union is evidenced by the 
action of the bishops who " urge the use in 
public worship, at least on Sundays, of that 
prayer for unity which is contained in the 
Prayer-book." Bishop Fyson truly says : 
" God has set before us in this land an open 
door for reunion, such as cannot be found 
elsewhere in all the world. It is our privilege 
and duty to enter this open door, and to seize 
upon every opportunity that presents itself 
for forwarding this movement." 

After the Tokyo Conference, the mission- 



The Outlook 199 

aries of Central Japan sent out a call to all 
the Christians in the country to labour with 
prayer for Christian union. The prayer so 
widely used is reproduced here in the hope 
that all who read it will join in its fervent 
use: 

" Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, who Suggested 
hast purchased an universal Church by the JjJ™ ° f 
precious blood of Thy Son, we thank Thee that 
Thou hast called us into the same, and made 
us members of Christ, children of God, and 
inheritors of the Kingdom of Heaven. Look 
now we beseech Thee upon Thy Church, and 
take from it division and strife and whatsoever 
hinders Godly union and concord. Fill us 
with Thy love, and guide us by Thy Holy Spirit 
that we may attain to that oneness for which 
Thy Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, prayed on the 
night of His betrayal, who with Thee and the 
Holy Spirit liveth and reigneth, one God, 
world without end. Amen." Prominent mis- 
sionaries of Tokyo endorsed this Call for 
prayer, and invited its adoption by all. 

It will thus be seen that the various missions union 
in Japan have begun this century with a bap- Hymn-Book 
tism of the spirit of union far surpassing any- 
thing heretofore witnessed. Twenty-two de- 
nominations joined in active work in the 
Forward Movement. This Christian fellow- 
ship called for a union hymn book, so that 



200 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Christians meeting in a church other than 
their own might sing the same songs of Zion. 

" When Will Japan Become a Christian 
Nation?" 

Not la a Day "We missionaries who saw the enthusiasm and 
rapid gains of the " eighties " thought that we 
were about to witness the fulfillment on a 
grand scale of the ancient words : " A nation 
born in a day." It really seemed to many of 
us that only one generation of missionaries 
would be necessary to do the foreigner's share 
in the work of evangelization. 

Then came the reaction. The number of 
converts not only ceased to double every three 
years, but thousands of church members left 
the churches. A daily newspaper, comment- 
ing on the set-back, said : " Nothing is left of 
Christianity save an insignificant Sunday- 
school work. There is really no power in 
Christianity. The churches are mostly empty." 
After the reaction, nothing more was heard 
about finishing missionary work in one gen- 
eration. 
Living The opening century came with the Forward 
Needed Movement, begun in weakness and doubt and 
fear and prayer. It suddenly became abun- 
dantly evident that the people were willing to 
hear, provided that the speakers had a living 
message. 



The Outlook 20 1 

Personal Saviour, the Son of God who came 
to redeem all men, — these truths, through the 
Holy Spirit, took possession of the preachers, 
and the churches awoke. The newspapers 
then had to admit that there was power in 
Christianity after all. To-day the Christians 
are hopeful, the missionaries are working with 
joy, everywhere inspiring triumphs of the 
Cross are being recorded daily. 

One of the Christian weekly magazines, not « within this 
conducted by missionaries, recently quoted Dr. Century " 
Arthur H. Smith, of China, as saying that it 
took eight hundred years to make England a 
Christian nation, and that it would take about 
as long to convert China. Then the writer 
adds : " The dream of fifteen years ago that 
it would take only ten years for Japan to be- 
come Christian is passed away forever. . . . 
If the faith of the first century fills us all, 
Japan will be a Christian nation within this 
century." And the article closes with the 
very proper statement that nothing but a na- Native Church 
tive church, self-supporting and aggressive, can Essential 
do the work. Foreigners can aid in laying the 
foundations of Christian institutions, but the 
great work of converting the nation can be 
done only by Japanese. The same paper, The 
Maishit, in another issue, said : " If we ex- 
amine the past, we see that evangelization at 
first was largely an intellectual presentation of 



202 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

the truths, the Existence of God, Man's guilt, 
Christ the Saviour, and Eternal Life. Great 
success attended this earnest work. The sec- 
ond stage was emphasizing the ethical side of 
Christianity, on the platform, in the pulpit, 
and in the press. And our people were greatly 
uplifted by this work. Now we are enter- 
ing the third stage when a great harvest is to 
be expected from the seed so widely sown. 
. , And the need now is for spiritual work, by 
Work most those who have consecrated body and soul to 
Needed Q nr j s k What we have already seen is, in 
spite of defects, a wonderful success in the 
conversion of thousands, in a great awakening 
of the zeal of Christians, in churches filled, 
and, in short, in revolutionizing our evangeliz- 
ing spirit. It is most fitting to give thanks to 
the Great God who has used us, unworthy in- 
struments, and has enriched us by His grace. 
We must now receive more of this wonderful 
spiritual power and go forward to a larger 
work." 
Key to China The Tokyo Convention of 450 missionaries 
deeply felt that the missionary body should be 
rapidly strengthened, for the conversion of 
Japan means the far more rapid conversion of 
the 400,000,000 of the great Chinese Empire 
just beyond. The 42,835 Protestant Christians 
in Japan do not much more than begin to 
represent the successes of Christianity. Let it 



The Outlook 203 

never be forgotten that our Lord said that His 
Kingdom does not come with observation. It 
is a leaven quietly entering the national life. 

"When we consider that the Government of Challenge of 
Japan, the laws, the courts, education, and the °PP° rtunit y 
family are being formed on Christian principles 
that recognize the worth and dignity of every 
man, woman and child ; that the worship of 
sun and moon has virtually ceased ; that the 
grosser forms of idolatry have been abandoned ; 
that the moral teachings of Christ have become 
a part of the ethical treasures of the people ; 
that the " friends of Christianity " number far 
more than its open professors ; that Christian 
thought has affected the old religions to a re- 
markable extent ; we need not hesitate to say, 
that, in spite of the traces of heathenism that 
remain, no other nation has ever been so 
rapidly permeated with Christian knowledge as 
has Japan. There never has been in all the 
history of missions so great a victory for Christ 
in so short a time as we see to-day in that 
beautiful island Empire. There never was a 
non-Christian nation so open-minded and re- 
ceptive as Japan. And if Christianity cannot 
win this great people to Christ, then either 
Christianity is a failure as a universal religion, 
or those who are entrusted with this divine 
message have not yet learned what to do 
with it. 



204 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Notwithstanding the difficulties and discour- 
agements of the past, in the face of present-day 
opportunity, we can well say with the Psalmist 
of olden time : 

Give thanks unto the Lord ! declare 
His doings among the peoples ! make 
mention that hls name is exalted ! 



Questions for Study 

Aim.— To estimate the present situation in Japan and 
our responsibility. 

1. Give five reasons why the growth of the native 

church in any mission field should become more 
rapid as time goes on. 

2. Name five ordinary causes of reaction. 

3. What was there in the reaction in Japan that was 

peculiar ? 

4. Was the great wave of popularity on the whole a 

gain or a loss, and why ? 

5. Was the reaction on the whole a gain or a loss, and 

why? 

6. Name the five most important causes leading to the 

success of the forward movement in the order of 
their importance. 

7. What do you consider to be the three most impor- 

tant results of the movement ? 

8. What elements of the movement can best be made 

permanent ? 
g s What are three practical reasons for the exist- 



The Outlook ±0$ 

ence of such a committee as the Committee of 
Cooperation ? 
io. Give illustrations of circumstances in which such a 
committee might be needed. 

11. Are the missionaries of Japan ahead of the Church 

at home or behind it in their spirit of unity ? 
Make in writing : 

12. A brief summary of what Christianity has done for 

Japan. 

13. The strongest statement that you feel to be justified 

of the importance of the evangelization of Japan. 

14. The statement of what you feel to be your responsi- 

bility for the evangelization of Japan and how 
you mean to discharge it. 

References : 

Carey : Japan and its Regeneration, ch. XI. 

Peery : Gist- of Japan, ch. XVI. 

Gordon : An American Missionary in Japan, chs. 
XIX-XXI. 

Clement : Handbook of Modern Japan, chs. XIX- 
XXI. 

Newton : Japan : Country, Court and People, pt. 
Ill, chs. Ill, V. 

Griffis: The Mikado's Empire, supplementary chap- 
ters since 1890. 

Chamberlain : Things Japanese, article : Missions, 
sec. 5. 

Gulick : Evolution of the Japanese, chs. XIV, XXIII. 

Ritter : History of Protestant Missions in Japan, sup- 
plementary chapter. 

Beach : Geography of Protestant Missions, pt. II, 
ch. IX. 

Report of the Toronto Convention, pp. 381, following. 
Bacon : Japanese Girls and Women, ch. XIII. 



206 Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom 

Subjects for Papers or Talks : 

1. Details of the forward movement. 

Report of the Toronto Convention, pp. 390-393. 
Missionary Review of the World, September, 
1 901 ; September, 1902. 

2. The causes of the anti-foreign feeling in Japan 

during the last decade of the nineteenth cen- 
tury. 

Cary : pp. 93-98. 

Newton : pp. 391-401. 

Gulick : ch. XIV. 

Gordon: An American Missionary in Japan, 
ch. XXI. 

3. The outlook. 

Cary : ch. XI. 
Peery : ch. XVI. 
Bacon : ch. XIII. 
Newton : pt. Ill, ch. V. 
Clement : chs. XIX-XXI. 



APPENDIX A 

The suggestions on the use of the questions at the end 
of each chapter, together with the questions themselves 
and the appendixes A, C, and D have been prepared by 
Dr. T. H. P. Sailer, Editorial Secretary of the Board of 
Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, North. 

SOME SUGGESTIONS AS TO HOW TO 
STUDY THE TEXT-BOOK 

In the first place, do not attempt to memor- 
ize the entire chapter. Such a process is 
necessary with the multiplication table, where 
every fact is important and every fact of equal 
worth. In each chapter of this book, how- 
ever, some facts are of much greater impor- 
tance than others ; therefore select these and 
concentrate upon them. Tou are sure to for- 
get a considerable part of what you study; 
make every effort to have the principal points 
stick. In the questions below no attempt has 
been made to treat every paragraph of the 
chapter. Much has purposely been omitted. 
Most students will find it best to study only a 
part of what is covered by the questions. In 
any event, it is better to understand thor- 
207 



2o8 Appendix A 

oughly and picture vividly a few things rather 
than to take up many that you will be able 
only to name. Do not try to swallow more 
than you can digest. 

In the second place, in selecting the points 
that you decide to study, be guided by the 
closeness of their connection with the main 
subject-matter of the chapter. Some para- 
graphs are more or less digressions, and are 
placed where they are, only because no more 
suitable place could be found elsewhere. Ex- 
perience has shown that it is much easier to 
understand and remember things when they 
have a close relation to other things in our 
minds, therefore select only such points for 
study as can be linked in a logical chain. Two 
facts in a clear relation to each other can be 
remembered better than either fact apart from 
this relation. 

In the third place, do not attempt merely to 
memorize anything. If you do not understand 
a point there is no need of burdening your 
mind with it. If you do understand it, con- 
sider carefully its relations— how it affects 
other things and how other things affect it— 
and depend upon its associations rather than 
upon the dead lift of memory to hold it in 
your mind. 

Make much use of paper and pencil in your 
study. When you have selected your princi- 



Appendix A 209 

pal points, write them out so that you can 
have them all under your eye at once. "Word 
your own ideas as clearly as possible in writ- 
ing; this will help you to think much more 
effectively. When you are answering a ques- 
tion that calls for a somewhat detailed reply, 
set down the points that occur to you and 
spend some time in adding to them ; then note 
whether two or more may not be combined 
under one fuller and stronger statement. See 
that all your points are clearly and forcibly 
put, and, finally, arrange them in what seems 
their most logical order. The interest that 
you will naturally feel in comparing these re- 
sults with those arrived at by the other mem- 
bers of the class will give you increased appe- 
tite for the session. It will pay to make notes 
of any additional matter that may be brought 
out in the recitation and to incorporate these 
in a final arrangement and statement. 

Review frequently what has been gone over. 
Many things are confused in our minds or al- 
together forgotten which would have become 
both clearly and permanently fixed by a little 
more reviewing. Even when a thing seems 
clear at first sight, we cannot be sure that we 
really understand it until we have allowed it 
some time to sink in. 

Conversation on what you have been study- 
ing will be found a valuable form of review. 



2io Appendix A 

" Kehearse what you have read to some willing 
and sympathetic listener." 

General reading on the subject before or 
during the course will be a great help. Many 
things in the text-book that would otherwise 
be misunderstood or unnoticed will thus be- 
come clear. Begin at once, and what is still 
more important, continue after the course is 
over. 

Let your motto be : Thorough, effective, 
permanent work. Work carefully, with a defi- 
nite aim always in mind, in such a way that 
your results may have some future value. 

Remember, finally, that the end of this 
study is not only knowledge, but character; 
not only self -improvement, but the spread of 
the Kingdom of God. Seek not so much to 
know more, as to be different ; not so much to 
acquire, as to accomplish. Ask yourself fre- 
quently what meaning the things you study 
should have for your life, and make them the 
subject of prayer, resolve and action. 



APPENDIX B 

SUGGESTIONS FOR PRONUNCIATION OF 
JAPANESE WORDS 1 

The following general rules will suffice to 
give approximately the pronunciation of the 
Japanese words used in this volume. 

Each syllable ends with a vowel or with the 
letter n (sometimes changing to m in the mid- 
dle of a word). A seeming exception is when 
the system of transliteration gives a doubled 
consonant in the middle of a word. In that 
case each letter is pronounced, the first being 
joined to the preceding vowel. 

Consonants have nearly the same sound as 
in English. Ch is pronounced as in child. G 
is always hard : in some parts of Japan it is 
pronounced like ng. 

A as in father. 

E like ey in they. In some monosyllables, 
and sometimes at the end of a word, it is 
shortened so as to be nearly like e in then. 
Thus the name of one of the prominent cities 
is pronounced Ko-be rather than Ko-bay. 

'From "Japan and its Regeneration." — Rev. Otis Cary. 
By permission of The Student Volunteer movement. 

211 



212 Appendix B 

/as in machine. 

as in note. 

TJ like oo in boot. At the end of words of 
more than one syllable it is often nearly in- 
audible; and it is frequently elided in the 
middle of a word. 

Japanese words are nearly if not quite with- 
out accent. 



APPENDIX C 

IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS IN THE 
HISTORY OF JAPAN 

660 b. c. Traditional date of the accession of 

Jimmu Tenno, the First Emperor. 
202 A. d. Traditional date of the invasion of 

Korea by the Empress Jingo. 
c. 300 A. d. Beginnings of the entrance of 

Chinese language and learning. 
c. 550 A. D. First entrance of Buddhism. 

Increase of Chinese influence. 

Centralization of authority. 

Custom of abdication introduced. 

Mikados become more or less 

puppets. 

Keal power in the hands of great 

families. 
c. 880-1050 A. d. Supremacy of the Fujiwara 

family. 

Rise of great military families, 

Taira and Minamoto. 
1156-1185 A. d. Wars of the " red and white 

flags " between these. 
1185 A. D. Yoritomo becomes Shogun and 

real ruler of the country. 

Power continues in the hands of 
213 



214 Appendix C 

these military rulers, though dif- 
ferent families are in the ascendent. 

1542 a. d. Portuguese discover Japan. 

1549 a. d. Francis Xavier lands in Japan. 
Kapid spread of Christianity. 

1573 a. d. Nobunaga puts end to period of 
anarchy and obtains control. 

1585-1598 a. d. Hideyoshi, the "Napoleon 
of Japan," persecutes Christianity 
and invades Korea. 

1500-1605 a. d. Ieyasu, third of the great 
men, defeats rivals, becomes Sho- 
gun and makes the Shogunate 
hereditary in the Tokugawa family, 
with its capital at Yedo. Power 
becomes strongly centralized and 
feudalism perfected. A long era 
of peace, prosperity, and strict se- 
clusion begins. Chinese literature 
and Confucian ethics become domi- 
nant. 

1609 a. d. First arrival of the Dutch. 

1617-1638 a. d. Christianity persecuted and 
exterminated. Although closely 
confined on a small island, the 
Dutch prove to be the medium of 
some Western knowledge. Native 
scholars of the eighteenth century 
create the beginning of a reaction 
against Confucianism and the Sho- 
gunate, and in favour of Shinto and 
the Mikado. During the first half 
of the nineteenth century, all at- 



Appendix C 215 

tempts at intercourse by foreigners 
are repulsed. 

1853 A. D. On July 8th, Commodore Perry 

enters the harbour of Yedo. 

1854 A. D. On March 31st, a treaty is signed 

between the United States and 
Japan, opening two ports to Ameri- 
can trade. Treaties with European 
countries soon follow. The court 
of the Shogun at Yedo perceives 
that resistance to the foreigners 
will be impracticable ; the Mikado 
and the great southern daimyos are 
indignant at the admission of the 
" barbarians." 

1859 A. d. The first Christian missionaries 
enter Japan. The southern clans 
plot against the Shogun and attack 
foreigners. Bombardments of two 
of their ports teach them that they 
must borrow Western methods. 

18G5 A. D. The Mikado ratifies the treaties. 

1867 A. D. Mutsuhito becomes Emperor. 

The Shogun resigns ; his followers 
protest. 

1868 a. D. The Tokugawa forces defeated. 

The southern clans decide in favour 
of intercourse with Europe. Be- 
ginning of the Meiji era. 

1869 a. D. Yedo named Tokyo and made 

capital. 

The Emperor announces the " Char- 
ter Oath." 



216 Appendix C 

1871 A. D. Feudalism abolished. Outcasts 

admitted to citizenship. 

1872 A. D. The first Protestant church 

founded. 

1873 A. d. Removal of anti-Christian edicts. 
1883 A. D. Missionary Conference at Osaka. 

1889 A. D. Promulgation of the Constitution. 

1890 a. d. The First Imperial Diet. 
1894-1895 A. d. War with China. 

1899 A. d. New treaties take effect. Japan 

entirely open. 

1900 A. d. Japan cooperates with Western 

powers in the relief of Peking. 
General Missionary Conference at 
Tokyo. 

1901 A. D. Beginning of the " Forward 

Movement." 
1904 A. D. War with Russia. 

Gary, chs. Ill, V-VIII, gives an excellent 
condensed sketch of Japanese history. Cle- 
ment, chs. VII, VIII, has compact tables of 
events. Chamberlain, articles: European- 
ization, History, Missions, Perry, Shogun, etc., 
is valuable. Griffis, in The Mikado's Empire, 
and Murray supply the details. Astor's Japa- 
nese Literature has suggestions of great value 
scattered through. 

In the list of dates above, no attempt has 
been made to catalogue the changes of impor- 
tance that have marked almost every year of 
the Meiji era. 



APPENDIX D 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Griffis : DuxChristus. (1904.) The MacMillan Co., 
New York. 

The text -book for the current year of the 
Committee for United Study of Missions, 
representing the Women's Boards of Amer- 
ica. It has been published too late to be in- 
cluded in the references at the end of each 
chapter, but will undoubtedly be found of 
great value. 

Griffis : The Mikado's Empire. Tenth edition. 2 
vols. (1903.) Harper & Bros., New York. 
($4.00.) 

Perhaps the best single volume for the gen- 
eral student. The first part contains a some- 
what detailed account of Japanese history ; 
the second part, a picture of Japan as seen by 
the author in 1870-1875. Supplementary 
chapters bring the history up to date. 

Griffis: Japan in History, Folk-lore and Art. (1892.) 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. (75 
cents.) 

Written for young people and treating 
mainly of old Japan. 

Rein : Japan. (1884.) A. C. Armstrong & Son, New 
York. ($7.50.) 

217 



21 8 Appendix D 

Rein: The Industries of Japan. (1889.^ A.C.Arm- 
strong & Son. ($10.00.) 

Recognized by all as of great value, but so 
full that most persons will use them only for 
purposes of consultation. 

Chamberlain : Things Japanese. Fourth edition. 
(1902.) Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 
($4.00.) 

A series of articles arranged alphabetically, 
by one of the foremost authorities on Japan. 
While the author has not attempted to be ex- 
haustive, he presents a great amount of in- 
formation in an original and humorous way. 
The article, " Books on Japan," mentions 
all the best works on the country, and refer- 
ences are also found at the end of many of 
the other articles. 

Clement: A Handbook of Modern Japan. (1903.) 
A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. ($1.40.) 

A compact and interesting treatment of 
Japan at the present day, written by one who 
is in full sympathy with Christian missions. 
At the end of each chapter is a list of refer- 
ences. 

CARY : Japan and its Regeneration. (1899.) Student 
Volunteer Movement, New York. (50 
cents.) 

Perhaps the best condensed sketch of 
Japan from the missionary standpoint that 
has yet been written. A brief, but excellent 
bibliography is found at the close. 

Newton: Japan: Country, Court and People. (1900.) 

Barbee & Smith, Nashville, Tenn. (#1.00.) 

A general description of the country and 



Appendix D 



219 



its history from the earliest times, written by 
a missionary. 

Peery : The Gist of Japan. (1897.) Fleming H. 
Revell Co., New York. ($1.25.) 

An excellent book with which to arouse 
interest, as it presents in very readable style 
the principal features of the country and of 
missionary work there. Perhaps, difficulties 
are made a little too prominent. 

Gordon: An American Missionary in Japan. (1892.) 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. ($1.25.) 

A series of attractive sketches of various 
phases of missionary life, by one who spent 
thirty years on the field. 

Gordon : Thirty Eventful Years in Japan. (1901.) 

A paper-bound book of 120 pages that may 
be ordered from the Congregational House, 
Boston, for twenty-five cents, postpaid. It 
describes the work of the missionaries of 
the A. B. C. F. M. during the last thirty 
years. 

Gulick: The Evolution of the Japanese. (1903.) 
Fleming H. Revell Co. ($2.00 net.) 

A valuable discussion of the causes that 
have produced Japanese character and so- 
ciety, offering a great wealth of illustrations 
on the subject. It will appeal most to those 
of more mature mind. 

Bacon : Japanese Girls and Women. Second edition 

(enlarged, 1902). Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 

($4.00. ) Riverside Library edition (7 5 cents). 

A treatment both clear and full, and written 

in charming style. 



220 



Appendix D 



Griffis 



Griffis 



The Religions of Japan. (1895.) Charles 
Scribner's Sons. ($2.00.) 
A scholarly book, useful for reference. 



Verbeck of Japan. (1900.) Fleming H. 
RevellCo. ($1.50.) 

Griffis : A Maker of the New Orient (S. R. Brown). 
(1902.) Fleming H. Revell Co. ($1.25 net.) 
The lives of two great educational mission- 
aries who exerted a mighty influence in the 
transformation of Japan. 

Hardy : The Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy 
Neesima. ( 1 89 1 . ) Houghton, Mifflin & 
Co. ($2.00.) 

Davis: A Maker of New Japan. (1894.) Fleming H. 
Revell Co. (Out of print.) 

Two lives of the foremost Japanese Chris- 
tians. The former contains fuller personal de- 
tails, the latter is more readable. 

Uchimura : The Diary of a Japanese Convert. (1895.) 
Fleming H. Revell Co. ($1.00.) 

Records experiences of a band of young 
Japanese Christians, and impressions of 
America. 

Ritter : A History of Protestant Missions in Japan. 
( 1 898. ) Methodist Publishing House, Tokyo, 
Japan. 

Murray : Japan (Story of the Nations Series). (1894.) 
G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. ($1.50.) 

Clement calls this the best single volume 
on the history of Old Japan. The average 
student will do well to content himself with 
not more than half a dozen of the greatest 
names, and with the most crucial events and 
periods. 



Appendix D 



221 



Van Bergen : A Boy of Old Japan. (1901.) Lee & 
Shepherd, Boston. ($1.25.) 

To one who has already some slight knowl- 
edge of the subject, this book will offer a 
fascinating picture of the Samurai spirit and 
of the days preceding the revolution of 1868. 

Lewis : The Educational Conquest of the Far East. 
(1903.) Fleming H. Revell Co. ($1.25.) 

The first part contains the best statement 
in the English language on the subject of 
Government education in Japan. 

Nitobe : Bushido, the Soul of Japan. (1899.) W. H. 
Leeds, Salem, Oregon. ($1.00.) 

An enthusiastic setting forth of the prin- 
ciples of Japanese chivalry, by a native of 
Japan. 



Those who wish to pursue the subject farther and have 
access to libraries are referred to the lists mentioned 
above in Chamberlain, Clement and Cary. It is gener- 
ally agreed that the " Transactions of the Asiatic Society 
of Japan " are of the first importance for those who wish 
to do serious work. To such Captain Brinkley's twelve- 
volume work on Japan and China is to be recommended 
for reference. 

All students will find the various missionary magazines, 
and reports of missionary conferences, such as the Ecu- 
menical Conference of 1900, and the Toronto Conven- 
tion of 1902, of great value. 



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Analytical Index 



CHAPTER I 
The Country 

I. Area, II, 12. 

1. Extent of country, II. 

2. Area compared with known areas, 1 1. 

3. Main islands, 1 1, 12. 

4. Annexation of Formosa, 1 2. 

5. Total number of islands in Empire, 12. 

II. Physical Features, 12-18. 

1. Prevalence of mountains, 12. 

2. Volcanic eruptions, 12-14. 

(1) In past and present, 12, 13. 

(2) Beneficial results (beauty of scenery, hot 

springs), 13, 14. 

(3) Direful results (loss of life), 14. 

3. Arable land exposed to tidal waves, 15. 

4. Fujiyama, 15, 16. 

5. Rivers, 16-18. 

(1) Direction, 16. 

(2) Main rivers, 17. 

(3) Embankment problem, 18. 

III. Climate, 19-21. 

1. In summer, 19. 

2. On mountains, 20. 

3. In winter, 21. 

IV. Population, 21-23. 

1. Density and increase, 21. 

2. Emigration to Hokkaido, 21, 22. 

3. Possibilities in Formosa, 22. 

4. General emigration, 22. 

5. Foreigners in Japan, 22, 23. 

V. Political Transformation, 23-25. 

1. Landing of Commodore Perry, 23, 24. 

2. Foreign travel and results, 24. 

3. Beginning of Meiji Era, 24, 25. 

225 



226 Analytical Index 

VI. Steps in Reorganization, 25-28. 

1. Administrative reforms, 25, 26. 

2. Tudicial reforms, 26-28. 

CO Abolition of trial by torture, 26, 27. 
(2) Granting of religious liberty, 27, 28. 

VII. Material Advancement, 28-31. 

1. Railroads, 28. 

2. Telegraphs, 29. 

3. Steamships, 29. 

4. Coast protection, 29. 

5. Navy, 30. 

6. Manufactures, 30, 31. 

CHAPTER II 

The People 

I. Origin of Japanese, 39, 4°- . 

I. Mythological interpretation, 39. 
2'. Historical uncertainty, 39, 4°- 
II. Physical Characteristics, 40, 41. 

1. Height and weight, 40, 41. 

2. Hardihood, 41. 

III. General Social Conditions, 41-43- 

1 . Classes of society, 4 l > 4?- 

2. Modern democratic spirit, 42. 

3. Influence of Samurai, 42, 43. 

IV. Family Life, 43-49- 

1. Marriage customs, 43~45- , 

2. Importance of family line, 45> 4* 

3. Care of children, 46. 

4. Filial piety, 46, 47- 

5. Position of woman, 47-49- 

V. Houses, 49, 50. 

VI. Food and Cost of Living, 50, 51. 

VII. Clothing, 51. 

VIII. Amusements, 51, 52. 

IX. Language, 52-54- 

X. Literature, 54, 55* 

1. Ancient, 54. 

2. Modern, 55. ] 



Analytical Index 227 

XI. Education, 55. 

1. Influence of West, 55, 56. 

2. Government education, 56, 57. 

3. Private schools, 57. 

XII. Main Characteristics of Japanese, 49, 59-61. 

1. Open-mindedness, 57-59. 

2. Love of morality, 59-61. 

3. Filial piety, 49. 

4. Loyalty, 49. 
Conclusion. 



CHAPTER III. 

The Religions 

Introduction, 65, 66. 
I. Shinto, 66-71. 

1. Its age, 66. 

2. Ancestor worship, 67, 68. 

(1) Effect on personal morality, 67. 

(2) Effect on national life, 67, 68. 

3. Nature worship, 68,69. 

(1) Great number of deities, 68, 69. 

(2) Superstitions, 69. 

4. Reform movement, 69, 70. 

5. Religious practices in army, 70. 

6. Prophecy of its death, 71. 

II. Buddhism, 71-79. 

1. Its power in East and in Japan, 7 1. 

2. Shaka, its central personality, 71, 72. 

(1) Records of his life, 71. 

(2) His character, 72. 

3. Two kinds of Buddhism, 72, 73, 75-77. 

(1) For the intellectual, 72. 

(a) Philosopher's creed, 72, 73. 

(b) Attitude of scholars, 75-77. 

(2) For the masses, 73-75. 

(a) Idolatry, 73. 

(b) Amida sect, 73, 74. 

(c) Mercy goddess, 74. 

(d) Monkey moralists, 74. 

(e) Mechanical prayers, 74, 75. 

4. Reform movements, 77-79. 

(1) Attitude of priests towards Christianity, 77, 78. 

(2) Reforms in education, 78. 

(3) Reforms in methods, 79. 



228 Analytical Index 

III. Confucianism, 79-87. 
1. Justified as a religion, 79. 
2. " Five Relations," 79-87. 

(1) " Lord and Retainer," 79-82. 

(a) Examples of noble lords, 79-8 1. 

(b) Examples of noble retainers, 81, 82. 

(2) " Father and Son," 82, 83. 

(a) Children's duties, 82. 

(b) Parents' duties, 82, 83. 

(3) « Husband and Wife," 83-85. 

(a) Ideas of marriage relations, 83. 

(b) Position of wife, 84. 

(c) Decrease in divorces, 84. 

(d) Growing regard for woman, 84, 85. 

(4) "Elder and Younger Brother," 85, 86. 

(5) " Friends," 86, 87. 

IV. Conclusion, 87-89. 

1. Relation to Christianity, 87. 

2. Failures of these religions, 87-89. 

(1) Neglect of masses, 87. 

(2) Disregard of liberty and rights, 87. 

(3) Degradation of women, 88. 

(4) Neglect of children, 88. 

(5) Ignorance of meaning of sin, 88, 89. 

(6) Ignorance of God, 89. 

3. Statistics, 89. 



CHAPTER IV 
The First and Second Coming of Christianity 

I. First Period, 93-98. 

1. Historical survey, 93-96. 

(1) Work of Xavier, 93. 

(2) Warlike character of Buddhism, 93. 

(3) Propagation of Christianity by daimyos, 94. 

(4) Persecution under Hideyoshi and Ieyasu, 

94,95- 

2. Certain general statements about period, 95-98. 

(1) Peril of political Christianity to Japan, 95. 

(2) Heroism of Christian martyrs, 95-97. 

(3) Dangers of secret discipleship, 97, 98. 

(4) Resulting hatred of Christianity, 98. 

II. Second Period — Modern Missions, 98-108. 
Introduction. 

(1) A contrast, 98, 99. 



Analytical Index 229 

(2) Treaty rights, 99. 

1. Early obstacles, 100-103. 

(1) Treaty restrictions, 100. 

(2) Language difficulties, 100, 102. 

(3) Influence of certain foreign residents, 102. 

(4) Sins of Christian nations, 102, 103. 

2. Encouragements, 103-105. 

( 1 ) Peaceful opening of country, 103, 104. 

(2) Efficient pioneers, 104. 

(a) J. C. Hepburn, 104, 105. 

(b) S. R. Brown, 105. 

(c) G. F. Verbeck, 105. 

3. Some significant results, 105-108. 

(1) First decade. 

(a) Recognition of missionaries, 105, 106. 

(b) Six converts, 106. 

(2) Second decade. 

(a) Translation of New Testament, 107. 

(b) Edict for Sabbath observance, 108-IIO. 

(3) Third decade. 

(a) Translation of Old Testament, 108. 

CHAPTER V 

Forms of Mission Work 

Introduction, 113. 

1. Providential preparation, 1 13. 

Evangelistic Work, 114-118. 

1. First Protestant Church in Japan, 114. 

2. Churches in Kobe and Osaka, 114, 115. 

3. Character of early Christians, 115. 

4. Rapid increase in converts, 115. 

5. Present numbers, 115, 116. 

6. Emphasis on self-support, Il6-ll8. 

(1) Statistics, 116. 

(2) Individual examples, 116-I18. 

7. Development of Japanese leadership, 118. 

Educational Work, 119- 131. 

1. Two pioneer movements, 1 19-123. 

(1) Under Captain Jones, Kumamoto School, 119- 

121. 

(2) Under President Clark, Sapporo Agricultural 

College, 121, 122. 

2. The Doshisha, type of Christian School, 123-127. 
(1) Providential preparation of Neesima, 123, 124. 



230 Analytical Index 

(2) Problem, Foreign vs. Japanese control, 124- 
126. 

(X) Opening amid difficulties, 126. 

(4) Later problem, place of Bible in school, 127. 

3. Other Christian schools, 127, 128. 

4. Girls' schools, 1 28-1 31. 

(1) Extent of woman's work, 128. 

(2) First woman missionary, 128, 129. 

(a) First day school. 

(b) First boarding school. 

(3) Effect on home life, 129, 130. 

(4) Large number of girls' schools, 130. 

(c) Effect on government education, 130, 131. 
(a) Woman's University in Tokyo, 131. 

' III. Medical Work, 131-134- 

1. Value as a pioneer agency, 131, 132. 

2. Growth of Government medical work, 132. 
3] Present value as benevolent agency, 133. 
4] Dr. Whitney's hospital, 133, 134- 

5. Japanese Christian physicians, 134. 

6. Work of Protestants, 134. 

7. Work of Catholics, 134. 

CHAPTER VI 
Forms of Mission Work (Continued) 
IV. Philanthropic Work, 1 37- 142. 

1. Modern growth of, 137, 138. 

2. Christian benevolent institutions, 138. 

(1) Number, 138. 

(2) Okayama Orphanage, 138, 139. 

(a) Beginnings, 138. 

(b) Growth, 138, 139. 

(c) Reputation, 139. 

(3) Home for discharged prisoners, 140, 141. 

(a) Results, 140, 14*- 

(4) Reformatory work of Mr. Tomeoka, 141. 
3. Influence on Buddhist philanthropy, 142. 

V. Literary Work, 142-145- 

1. Thirty year contrast, 142. 

2. Present Christian literature, 142. 

(1) Tracts, 143- 

(2) Books written by foreigners, 143, 144- 

(3) Periodicals, 144. 

(4) Editorials of secular press, 144, 145- 

(5) Books written by Japanese, 145. 



Analytical Index 231 



AUXILIARY FORMS OF WORK. 

I. Young Men's Christian Association, 146-150. 

1. Beginnings, 146. 

2. Present influence, 147, 149. 

3. Character of leaders, 147, 148. 

4. Bible conferences, 149. 

5. Work for government schools, 149, 150. 

6. Signs of progress, 150. 

II. Young People's Societies, 150-152. 

1. Christian Endeavor Society, 150. 

(1) First Christian Endeavor Society, 150, 15 1. 

(2) Dr. Clark's first visit, 151. 

(3) Eighth Annual Convention, 151, 152. 

(4) Statistics for 1902, 152. 

(5) Plans for future, 152. 

2. Epworth League, 153. 

3. Baptist Young People's Union, 153. 

III. Temperance Movement, 153-155. 

1. Evils of sake drinking, 153, 154. 

2. Results of work, 154, 155. 

IV. The Bible Society, 155, 156. 

1. Organization, 155. 

2. Growth of work, 155, 156. 

V. The Scripture Union, 156, 157. 

VI. The Salvation Army, 157, 158. 

1. Organization, 157. 

2. Results, 157. 

3. Publications, 157. 

4. Self-support, 157, 158. 

CHAPTER VII 
The Forces at Work 
I. Baptist, 161-164. 

1. First missionary, 161, 1 62. 

2. Union of work of two societies, 161. 

3. Statistics for 1902, 162. 

4. Mr. E. H. Jones, evangelist, 162, 163. 

5. Duncan Academy, 163. 

6. Evangelistic steam launch, 163, 164. 

7. Work in Liu Kiu Islands, 164. 
II. Congregational, 164-168. 

I. Beginnings, 164, 165. 



232 Analytical Index 

2. Doshisha revival, 165. 

3. Rapid growth of churches, 165. 

4. Work in Hawaii, 165, 166. 

5. Influence of the Doshisha, 166, 167. 

6. Girls' schools, 167. 

7. Medical work, 167, 168. 

8. Publications, 168. 

III. Episcopalian, 168-17 1. 

1. Beginnings, 168, 169. 

2. Union of three missions, 169. 

3. Rapid development, 169, 170. 

4. Educational work, 170, 171. 

5. Medical work, 171. 

6. Publications, 171. 

IV. Methodist, 171-175. 

1. The six societies, 171, 172. 

2. Statistics for 1902, 172. 

3. "Work for Japanese in California, 172-174. 

4. Educational work, 174. 

5. Publishing house, 174, 175. 

6. Sociological work, 175. 

V. Presbyterians, 17 5- 180. 

1. First church, 175. 

2. Union of seven societies, 175, 176. 

3. Statistics for 1902, 176, 177. 

4. Work in Formosa, 177. 

5. Educational work, 177, 178. 

6. Publications, 178, 179. 

7. Medical work, 179. 

8. Leper work, 179, 180. 

VI. Other Protestant Evangelical Forces, 180-184. 

Statistics and how to interpret them, 180, 181. 

1. Church of Christ, 181, 182. 

2. Society of Friends, 182. 

3. German Evangelistic Protestant Mission, 182, 183. 

4. American Christian Convention, 183. 

5. Scandinavian Alliance Mission, 183. 

6. Christian and Missionary Alliance, 183. 

7. Evangelical Lutheran Mission, 184. 

8. Hephzibah Faith Mission, 184. 

VII. Non-Protestant Forces, 184-186. 
I. Roman Catholic, 184, 185. 

(1) Statistics for 1902, 184, 185. 

(2) Educational work, 185. 



Analytical Index 233 

(3) Benevolent work, 185. 

(4) Medical and literary work, 185. 
Russian (Greek) Church, 185, 186. 

(1) Bishop Nicolai, 185, 186. 

(2) Statistics for 1902, 186. 

(3) Educational work, 186. 



CHAPTER VIII 
The Outlook 

I. The Reaction, 189-193. 

1. Effect on church membership, 189, 190. 

2. Causes of reaction, 190-193. 

(1) Ambition for political equality, 190, 191. 

(2) Superficial meaning of church membership, 

191, 192. 

(3) Diffusion of " higher criticism," 192. 

(4) High social standards of church, 192, 193. 

II. The Forward Movement, 193-197. 

1. Initiation of movement, 193, 194. 

2. Organization in Tokyo, 194. 

3. Success in Sendai, 194, 195. 

4. Coming of leaders, 195. 

5. Results in quickening faith, 195-197. 

6. National scope of work, 197. 

III. Denominational Cooperation, 197-200. 

1. Forming of Committee on Cooperation, 198. 

2. Attitude of Episcopal Church, 198. 

3. Call to prayer for Union, 198, 199. 

4. Union Hymn Book Committee, 199, 200. 

IV. "When Will Japan Become a Christian Nation?" 

200-204. 

1. Lesson of the reaction, 200. 

2. Need of a living message, 200, 201. 

3. Prophecy of Dr. Arthur H. Smith, 201. 

4. Three stages of growth of work, 201, 202. 

5. Motive for evangelizing Japan, 202, 203. 

6. Widespread influence of Christianity, 203. 

7. A challenge to the Church, 203, 204. 



INDEX TO PROTESTANT MISSIONARY SOCIETIE8 AND STATIONS IN JAPAN 

The names of Missionary Societies laboring in Japanat theclose of 1898are given below in alphabetical orderof 
their shortened forms The numerals following Societi names indicate the year of their entrance upon work in Japan. 

In the index of stations the numerals immediately following the towns show what Societies are laboring in 
them, the numbers corresponding with those prefixed to the names of Societies. The letter and numeral at the ex- 
treme right of each town indicate the square in which the place may be found, and correspond with the letters and 
numerals in the margins of the map. Towns not containing Missionary residences are enclosed in parentheses. 

American. 25. World's W. C. T. U. (1886). 

1. American Baptist Missionary Union 26. Y. M. C. A., International Committee 

(1860) . of (1889). British 

2. American Rble Society (18 <6). 27- ( British and Foreign Bible Society. 
X A ™ Can B°ard of Foreign Missions ", National BibleS.*;ietvofScotland. 

(1S69). 28. Church Missionary Society (1869). 

4. Baptist Southern Convention 1889) 29> Church ol Eng r land Missionaries, uncon- 

3. Christian and Missionary Alliance (1891) — „,.„, 



13S HO G 


aV 




La 


<s 








MISSIONARY MAP 
OF 

JAPAN 




S E A\ OF 

ok\hotsk 



£Monibutsu) 




INDEX TO PROTESTANT MISSIONARY SOCIETIES AND STATIONS IN JAPAN 

;yif Miwir.narv S.» i-.ti-^ ,,-ihv- in J -p . n ,,t tln^ Wo..- ,,ris;* nrn K i,,. n h,.j f ,w in nlj.hnh.-in .d nr,),., 

■ 1..-.% n uidi.-.i.- Iln-: rru, ulin I, I !„■ |,l.,l,. , ri;l , i „ ■ ( ,.i , ,..1 ' . . , n . ' , „ ,' n ,| withThn 'l"u,'r 

irgnuoftheinap. T..m„.not muni.,,; 1 j 1 1 j , i ., .. 

World's W. C. T. U. (18S6). 

'.., International Coram 



(1869). 

4. Baptist 

5. Christian and M 
(.. Christian Church ..I A 
7. Cumberland Prcsbvte 
s. Disciples n[ Christ (1883). 
'>. Evangelical As-nrijlimi 1187c. 

1". Kvacievlical railheran M' 
11. Friends, s.cciety of (1885). 
U. Methodise. Church "I C.inada (1873). 

Episcopal Church, Nurth 




Copyright 1899, by Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 



SUN 1 3 1904 



